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Gathering Information Worksheet
Purpose:
This assignment will help you get started on writing your poster for this research project. The questions below
will help guide you to write the introduction, methods and discussion section of your scientific poster for this research
project.
Directions:
Answer each question below by
paraphrasing information
(summarizing the information using your own
words) from published literature. To help you do this, we have listed specific sections within various sources for you to
read.
After each paraphrased sentence you use to answer each question (you may use several sentences!), include the
proper
within text citation
so you can acknowledge that source for the information you included in your answer. Lastly,
for every source you use in your answers, add the
full citation
of the source in the References section at the bottom of
this document. *
Please see the
“How to” folder for instructions on how to format within text and full citations.
Sources to help you answer the questions:
-
PARE website:
https://sites.tufts.edu/ctse/pare/
-
List of papers we refer to in the questions:
Levy, S.B. 1998. The challenge of antibiotic resistance. Scientific American 278(3): 46-53.
Chopra, I. and M. Roberts. 2001. Tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology,
and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 65(2): 232-
260.
Finley, RL, P Collignon, DG Joakim Larsson, SA McEwen, XZ Li, WH Gaze, R Reid-Smith, M Timinouni, DW
Graham, E Topp. 2013. The scourge of antibiotic resistance: the important role of the environment.
Clinical Infectious Disease 57(5): 704-710.
Larsson Joakim, DG, and CF Flach. 2022. Antibiotic resistance in the environment. Nature Reviews 20: 257-
269.
Levy, SB and B Marshall. 2004. Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses. Nature
Medicine 10: S122-S129.
Schmitt, H, K Stoob, G Hamscher, E Smit, W Seinen. 2006. Tetracyclines and tetracycline resistance in
agricultural soils: microcosm and field studies. Microbial Ecology 51(3): 267-276.
-
Looking for more information? Use search terms like “tetracycline resistance soil” or “antibiotic resistance
health” in Google Scholar, and see what articles come up. You can also do a general search of these terms in
Google to see what you can find.
Grading:
This assignment will be graded for completion, worth 14 points.
INTRODUCTION
1.
Background
a.
(1 pt) What are antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), and what traits make them resistant to antibiotics?
See Levy 1998 (page 47-48); Levy & Marshall 2004 (box 4)
Antibiotic Resistant bacteria is when bacteria go through a mutation and receive resistance genes that
make them resistant to antibiotics. Sometimes the resistance genes do not have to be from mutations, it
can also be received by another (Levy , 1998)
b.
(1 pt) What causes ARB to become more frequent (or common) within bacterial populations?
See Levy
1998 (page 47 [A Bad Combination], page 48 [The Antibacterial Fad: A New Threat], page 49 [How
antibiotics promote resistance], page 50-51 [Antibiotic use is out of control]); Finley et al. 2013 (page
705, top left)
One-way Bacteria becomes more resistant to antibiotics is that Bacteria can pick up resistant genes from other bacteria.
On top of that Bacteria can produce asexually which creates identical offspring to the parents. Another way is that
antibiotics promote natural selection and those who are advantages are the ones with some resistance which could go
through mutations and those bacteria who are still susceptible to antibiotics will be eradicated.
c.
(1 pt) Where are ARB commonly found?
See Levy 1998 (page 49-50 [How Antibiotics Promote
Resistance]); Larsson & Flach 2022 (Figure 2 & 3); Levy & Marshall 2004 (page S126 [Use of antibiotics in
food animals and agriculture]); Schmitt et al. 2005 (introduction second paragraph); Finley et al. 2013
(page 707 [Water as a dissemination route for resistance])
It is found in places such as France, Poland, The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, South Africa, the U.S
and Mexico (Levy, 1998)
d.
(1 pt) Why is the prevalence (or commonness) of antibiotic resistant bacteria a concern?
See Levy 1998
(page 46, paragraph 3-4)
It’s a concern since that its starting to evade majority of antibiotics made to stop it. It will keep reproducing and making
these bacteria survive. With these bacteria surviving, one being Mycobacterium tuberculosis which causes tuberculosis
which is a communicable disease that is deadly. With disease still going around death rates will still be rising.
2.
Known:
a.
(1 pt) Which organisms generally ingest
tetracycline
, and for what reason(s)?
See Chopra & Roberts 2001
(page 249-250 [Applications of Tetracyclines, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Growth Promoters, Other
Uses], page 251 [top left: Quantities of tetracyclines used], page 251 [Resistance Following Human
Therapy and Prophylaxis])
Organisms that usually ingest are cattle, sheep, poultry, and swine. This drug is used to treat diseases
and increase their rate of growth and their feed conversion efficiency (Chopra I, Roberts M, 2001).
b.
(1 pt) Based on what you have read, where in the environment (in the soil) would you expect to find
higher levels of tetracycline resistant bacteria, and
why
?
I expect to find very high levels of tetracycline in agricultural lands since the medicine is used on farm animals.
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