EOSC 326 Case Study 1, Community Members 3 to 7 - Sponge Groups
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Case Study 1, Community Members 3 to 7 - Sponge Groups: EOSC 326 99C 2023W2 Earth and Life Through Time
https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130823/pages/case-study-1-community-members-3-to-7-sponge-groups?module_item_id=6194743
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Case Study 1, Community Members 3
to 7 - Sponge Groups
Porifera or sponges are organized at the cellular level and are relatively primitive biologically.
Most sponges are asymmetric. They lack true differentiated tissues and organs, having no
nervous system, circulatory system, mouth, or anus. Although sponges are multicellular, the
cells have relative independence from one another. If cells are separated and then put back
together, they will recombine, clump and redistribute to re-form the organism.
Figure - A modern Cayman Island sponge. Color-adjusted (but not color accurate) underwater photograph taken by
Dlloyd, courtesy of Wikipedia
(http://en.wikipedia.org/) .
Sponges are sessile benthic animals that are all aquatic and mostly marine. There are over
10,000 species of sponges which vary considerably in shape and morphology based on their
habitat. Stalk-shaped sponges tend to live in deeper water environments whereas sponges that
are more broad and flat tend to live in shallower, higher energy environments.
Sponges first appeared in the Cambrian and they are still extant.
3/1/24, 10:25 AM
Case Study 1, Community Members 3 to 7 - Sponge Groups: EOSC 326 99C 2023W2 Earth and Life Through Time
https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130823/pages/case-study-1-community-members-3-to-7-sponge-groups?module_item_id=6194743
2/21
Basic Sponge Morphology
Sponges are sac-shaped and are composed of two layers of cells separated by mesoglea or
jelly. Within the mesoglea is the sponge's skeleton that is often made up of spongin, a network
of flexible protein fibers. In addition, sponges often have hard spicules that reinforce the
mesoglea. Sponges have a central cavity, the paragaster, which opens at the top through the
operculum. The outside of the sponge contains many small openings called ostia, which mark
the entrance to tiny canals. The largest ostia is approximately 0.1 mm.
A sponge includes 3 types of cells: epithelial cells, choanocytes, and amoebocytes. The
epithelial cells line the outside of the sponge and the canals. The choanocytes occupy the
internal chamber and assist with moving water through the sponge. The amoebocytes function
in digestive, reproductive, and skeletal roles.
Figure - Basic sponge morphology. a: choanocyte cells; b: epithelial cells; c: amoebocytes cells;
d: ostia; e: mesoglea; f: spicule; g: paragaster; h: operculum.
Illustration modified from The Biology Corner
(http://www.biologycorner.com/) .
3/1/24, 10:25 AM
Case Study 1, Community Members 3 to 7 - Sponge Groups: EOSC 326 99C 2023W2 Earth and Life Through Time
https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130823/pages/case-study-1-community-members-3-to-7-sponge-groups?module_item_id=6194743
3/21
Basic Feeding
Sponges are filter feeders. They pump water through their bodies from which they extract
oxygen and nutrients. Water is drawn in through the ostia and along the tiny canals by the
choanocytes, which have flagella that beat and create a positive pressure in the interior of the
sponge. Once inside the paragaster, the oxygen and organic matter adhere to the choanocytes
where the nutrients are then ingested. Food is then digested and distributed by amoebocytes.
Wastewater and carbon dioxide exit out the operculum.
Figure - A choanocyte cell.
Image courtesy of Department of Biology, University of Miami
(http://www.bio.miami.edu) .
Optional Material
To read more on how sponges feed, click here
(https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130823/pages/how-does-sponge-feeding-work) .
How can we tell how much water a sponge filters? Click here
(https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130823/pages/how-much-water-does-a-sponge-filter-in-24-hours) to
find out!
Classification
In addition to distributing food, amoebocyte cells are also responsible for secreting spicules.
Spicules are fundamental to sponge taxonomy in the fossil record as the soft-tissue of most
sponges decay completely, so the spicules are all that is preserved. Sponge spicules come in
many shapes and are important in classifying the sponges into different groups.
For this Case Study, we will be focusing on five different groups of sponges, as each one has
played a very different role in reef ecosystems in the past. These are the archeocyathids, the
3/1/24, 10:25 AM
Case Study 1, Community Members 3 to 7 - Sponge Groups: EOSC 326 99C 2023W2 Earth and Life Through Time
https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130823/pages/case-study-1-community-members-3-to-7-sponge-groups?module_item_id=6194743
4/21
simple chambered sponges, the hexactinellid sponges, the stromatoporoids and the bioeroding
sponges.
1. Archeocyathids
Archeocyathids were sessile, exclusively marine filter feeders that commonly lived in the water
at depths of 20-30 metres. The taxonomic position of these animals was uncertain until recently
but they have now been placed with the sponges. Archaeocyathids were very common in the Early Cambrian although they declined by the
Middle Cambrian with the last species becoming extinct near the end-Cambrian.
Figure - Top view of an archaeocyathid.
Image courtesy of A.J. Smith, Kent State University
(http://www.kent.edu/) .
Morphology and Feeding
Archaeocyathids had a calcium carbonate skeleton that consisted of an exterior cone and an
interior cone. These cones were joined together by vertical cross-pieces called septae that
extended the length of the structure. The space between the two cones is called the
intervallum.
3/1/24, 10:25 AM
Case Study 1, Community Members 3 to 7 - Sponge Groups: EOSC 326 99C 2023W2 Earth and Life Through Time
https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130823/pages/case-study-1-community-members-3-to-7-sponge-groups?module_item_id=6194743
5/21
Figure - (left) Archaeocyathid structure as viewed from the side and (right) as viewed from the
top
. Illustrations (left) with permission from Benton, M.J., and Harper, D.A.T., 2009, "Introduction to paleobiology and the fossil record", Wiley-
Blackwell, 595 pp. and (right) by L. Longridge.
Both the cones and the septae had pores, with the pores on the inner cone being larger than
those of the outer cone. These pores probably allowed the animal to filter feed by drawing
water through the outer wall, filtering the nutrients in the intervallum and then expelling the
wastewater out through the pores in the inner wall and out the top.
The animal attached to the substrate by the tip. It sometimes had roots or holdfasts that
improved the strength of its anchorage and its stability in the water column. Some groups of
archaeocyathids were solitary whereas other groups formed branching colonies.
It is not certain at this point but it is possible that archeocyathids had photosymbionts in their
tissues which would have increased their speed of growth.
2. Simple Chambered Sponges
The second group is composed of the simple chambered sponges. This group has spicules
made of silica that can be monaxon although in this group, tetraxon spicules, which are four-
rayed, are also common. In the cases with tetraxon spicules, the rays diverge at angles of 60°
or 120°. Many sponges from this group have spicules called desmas, which have a lumpy,
irregular shape.
3/1/24, 10:25 AM
Case Study 1, Community Members 3 to 7 - Sponge Groups: EOSC 326 99C 2023W2 Earth and Life Through Time
https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130823/pages/case-study-1-community-members-3-to-7-sponge-groups?module_item_id=6194743
6/21
Figure - A fossilized common sponge. Photo courtesy of the Paleontological Laboratory at SUNY Cortland
(http://paleo.cortland.edu/) .
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