CYP 10

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Dec 6, 2023

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CYP 10 – Teresa Tenggono 1. Recall the story of Chloe and the coffee grinder: Chloe looks for food when she hears the coffee grinder. (a) Does Chloe’s behavior illustrate Operant conditioning? Biological limitations on learning? Classical conditioning? Whose theory is involved here? (b) What are the three important learning processes involved here? For example, what term do behaviorists use to refer to a gradual decrease in the association between a stimulus and a response? (c) What influential form of behavior modification has been derived from this work? How does it work? Give an example and outline how the treatment process proceeds. a. Chloe’s behavior illustrates classical conditioning, a behaviorism theory by Pavlov. b. Three important learning processes involved in classical conditioning are generalization (response of similar stimuli that is triggered by previous stimuli), discrimination (differentiation of several stimuli), and extinction (the process of unlearning an association between 2 stimuli). c. One influential form of behavior modification is systematic desensitization, which learns about the extinction of fears or phobias and is mainly used in therapy. In systematic desensitization, a therapist would assess the patient's needs and help the patient relax their body and mind. Then, the therapist will try to list the patient’s stimuli that cause them to have anxiety. Lastly, the therapist will encourage the patient to stay relaxed even though they’re thinking about the anxiety stimulus. This process is repeated until the patient manages to keep calm and relax for all of the anxiety-arouse stimuli. d. For example, a patient has a phobia of snakes. The therapist would encourage the patient to relax their mind and body. Afterward, the patient would be asked to imagine a snake next door inside their mind. If the patient still manages to relax, then the therapist will ask the patient to imagine a snake that is located in the same room as them. If the patient still manages to relax, the therapist will ask the patient to imagine touching and holding the snakes. After being calm during the whole process, the patient successfully erased their phobia of snakes. 2. Classical conditioning is based on temporal contiguity. (a) What is the process that operant conditioning is based on? Who developed and studied operant conditioning? Does reward or punishment work better? Where does operant conditioning work well? In Kindergartens? In prisons? Among college students? (b) What did Tolman’s famous study of “tourist” rats demonstrate? Did it confirm Skinner’s view that reinforcement is critical for learning? (c) Who said something resembling, “Hand over your baby, and I can raise it to be anything”?

a. The process of operant conditioning is based on learning by reinforcement, in other words, learning through reward and punishment. The operant conditioning was developed and studied by B. F. Skinner. Reward works better than punishment because punishment indicates fear and resentment. Operant conditioning works well in all situations: in kindergartens, prisons, universities, and even in mental health wards. b. Tolman’s famous study of tourist rats demonstrates that even without reinforcement, the rats could still wander around the maze. The reinforcement (food) only helps the rats to navigate the maze quicker than without any reinforcement. This doesn’t align with Skinner’s view that reinforcement is critical for learning. c. The person who said something that resembled “Hand over your baby, and I can raise it to be anything” was John B. Watson in 1925. 3. Review the 3 types of approach/avoidance conflicts and give an example for each. a. Approach-Avoidance (based on the reward-punishment concept): I try to approach a stranger; as a reward, I can develop a new relationship with a cute guy; as a punishment, I am afraid of being rejected. b. Approach-Approach (has two desirable alternatives): I want to eat; should I choose Western or Italian food? Both can satisfy my food cravings. c. Avoidance-Avoidance (based on punishment-punishment): I am unhappy with my relationship now but afraid of being left alone. 4. Sign vs sample approaches to assessment: (a) Define each approach. (b) Then, come up with one type of theorist who is likely to use the sign approach and one type of theorist who is likely to use the sample approach. (c) Trait theories assume behavior shows (some) consistency across situations. What do the behaviorists say about the issue of cross- situational consistency vs specificity? a. The sign approach is an approach that claims that specific behavior is a sign of underlying traits. The sample approach is an approach that claims that specific behavior is a sample of possibly interesting behavior. b. The theorists who use the sign approach are Allport (trait theorist) and Freud (psychodynamics), and the theorist who uses the sample approach is Skinner (behaviorist). c. Behaviorists believe that behavior is a function of the situation (B = f(S)). Meaning that behaviorists don’t believe that behavior would stay

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