Biology Lab Report

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

Contemporary Europeans have roughly three times more Neanderthal variable in their genes involved in lipid catabolism than Asian and African people. Even though Neanderthals are extinct, small pieces of their genomes tend to exist in modern humans. These similarities are unevenly distributed across the genome and some regions are particularly enriched with Neanderthal variants. While analyzing the influence of Neanderthal variants on lipid processing in modern humans, the researchers found revolutionary changes in lipid concentration and expression of metabolic enzymes in brains of humans of European

The intentions of completing this experiment were to establish the relationship between an individual’s ancestral diet, amylase concentration, and their amylase gene copy number. Due to human evolution, stated by the “Diet and evolution of human amylase gene copy variation” paper, the hypothesis was that if one’s ancestors consumed high levels of starch diets this will lead them to have higher AMY1 diploid gene copy numbers, along with higher salivary amylase concentrations. The entire experiment contained numerous of smaller experiments accompanied by many assets that were necessary to complete this experiment. To begin with, a calibration curve was conducted with the use of different amylase concentrations and their corresponding absorbance

Comparing The Resting Heart Rate and Recovery Time Of Males And Females After Physical Activity

Enzymes are biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions which accomplish a constant production of energy that all biological processes require. These proteins are vital to maintaining functionality in people’s daily lives and the absence of an enzyme can cause detrimental harm in the form of illness or even death (Alberte, Pitzer, Calero 49). Enzymes are also used commercially to improve the standard of living. Amylase, for example, an enzyme that is used to break down protein and starch: a storage polysaccharide, is among the most important that have been

Before embarking on my internal essay I was unsure which enzyme I should work with. After doing research on different enzymes I came across a lot of articles which provided a lot of different opinions on the consumption of carbohydrates. In the athletic world many different athletes have different insights on carbohydrates, some athletes living on a no-carbohydrate diet while other rely on it heavily as their primary source of energy intake. After viewing all the different taken on carbohydrates I decided that I will work with the enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates which is Amylase.

Human amylase is an example of an organism that produces alpha amylase and can be found in the pancreatic juice in the pancreas and the saliva in the mouth. Both the pancreatic juice and the saliva play important roles in the digestive system. The amylase found in the pancreas breaks down starch into maltose and the amylase found in the saliva breaks down starch into glucose. The activity of human amylase is very sensitive to temperature and pH so it is very important to maintain the optimum conditions for any

Investigation 4 consisted of investigating the different stages of mitosis within organisms, such as plants and animals. The following materials were used to visually see what occurs as mitosis takes its course within a cell: onion root tips, a human leukocyte and a whitefish blastula. By definition, mitosis is “the process of cellular reproduction involving the division of the nucleus to form two identical daughter nuclei (47).” Following mitosis is the process known as cytokinesis which consists of separating the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. Mitosis is part of the cell cycle that consists of the following stages: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase and M phase. The first step of the cell cycle is the G1 phase where cells are

On Plate I (LB) and Plate II (LB + Ampicilin), E.coli growth was expected to occur. Since the environment was not selective in Plate I, growth was expected to be found as lawn. This prediction was confirmed by the experiment. On Plate II, it was expected that either lawn or colonies would be found. The observed growth occured as lawn. On Plate III (YPD) growth was predicted, given the presence of all the nutrients that the auxotrophic yeasts cannot synthetize. Due to the usual non-selectivity of the medium, lawn was the expected type of growth. However, growth actually manifested as red colonies, an occurrence which will be explained in the Discussion section. On Plate IV (YNB, -AA) and Plate V (YNB, -AA, +5% AS) no growth was expected to happen given the absence of amino acids, which the auxotrophic yeast could not synthetize. The results were as predicted. On Plate VI (YNB, +AA-Arg, -AS ), it was expected to obtain colonies, due to the selectivity of the environment. This indeed was observed, in the form of white colonies.

The purpose of this experiment is to show the ecology and physiology of organisms, understand their importance in the environment, and to explain characteristics to classify organisms into groups. Procedure: Item used in this experiment: Baker’s® yeast,1 Cutting board,1 Envelope to store lichen sample,1 Small bowl or glass jar,1 Tablespoon,1 Measuring cup with metric marks,1Mushrooms, 2, any type found in the grocery store with gills and at least partially open,1 Pen knife or similar tool,1 Sharp knife,1 Sugar,1 Microscope,1 Tap water,1 Scraping of lichen from a rock, generally found in north-facing or protected areas,1 Water from the bottom of ditch or pond but NOT a fast flowing stream, 1 Calculator,1 Computer, word processor and spreadsheet

DNA is not only significant because it transfers hereditary information from generation to generation, but the discovery of DNA and genetics has helped diagnose diseases and formulate treatments customized to a person’s specific biochemistry and genetic makeup. This experiment focused on the Alu insertion on chromosome 16, also known as one of the “jumping genes” in the human genome. Yet, Alu is technically not a gene and therefore, it has no effect on the organism’s fitness. Although Alu does not encode for any protein, it does appear to be stable over evolutionary time once inserted at a specific chromosomal location (Batzer et al., 1994). This jumping gene can indicate the relationships between human populations since not all chromosomes carry the Alu allele at a specific locus.

The fundamental research question being explored in this experiment is what’s the relationship between enzyme production, gene copy number, and gene evolution of an individual (Tracy 2017)? Genes are a sequence of DNA that are able to code for enzymes, proteins involved in biochemical processes (Morris et al. 2016). It is believed that humans can have anywhere between 2 to 20 copies of the AMY1A gene from duplication events that formed tandem repeats (Tracy 2017). And these variations arise from possible dietary shifts and therefore selective pressure across different population; ultimately increasing or decreasing the need for amylase (Perry et al. 2007). Specifically, the levels of starch within an individual’s diet is believed to be an

A set of three experiments will be conducted in order to determine the factors that are necessary to breakdown starch, proteins, and fats. During the breakdown of starch, the enzyme amylase will be a necessary

Some theorists believe that natural selection of random changes in nucleic acid sequences and genetic information are

The metabolic network of over 750 microbes was analyzed using specialized statistical techniques, with the intention of identifying the evolutionary principles that made these organisms unique and helped them survive the hostile environment, that is the human gut. Following this, redundant pathways (like the fatty acid-synthesis pathway) were identified from across the organisms, and the concerned organisms were subjected to further scrutiny. An attempt was also made to classify the organisms based on the similarity of their lethal genes. A few other interesting results are currently being investigated, and a journal publication is expected to happen within the next few