Cyclohexene Lab Report

Part 1: Esters aromas are very distinct and often pleasant, they are often used in food aroma and fragrances.1 Esters chemical properties are distinguished by their low molecular weight and low boiling points, caused by their dipole-dipole and dispersion interaction.2 Esters are the result of a condensation reaction, in which a carboxylic acid, an alcohol, and an acid catalyst react to create a water molecule and an ester.

In this experiment, we used distillation to separate a mixture of cyclohexane and toluene. We used two types of distillation simple and fractional. The experiment was carried out by mixing the cyclohexane and toluene in a round bottom flask, and the mixture was heated to boiling (in sand bath) and vaporized. The vapor then condensed by the condenser where the water was running through to cool the vapor back to liquid. Since this was a mixture of two liquids, the temperature was continuously increasing throughout the process. The different boiling points of cyclohexane and toluene allows the separation to occur. Cyclohexane has a boiling point of 81 °C and toluene has a boiling point of 111 °C, since cyclohexane has a lower boiling point it

Objective: The objective of the experiment was to determine the distribution coefficient (the equilibrium concentration ratio) of iodine between the immiscible solvents water and cyclohexane. This experiment was a study of equilibrium. The distribution coefficient will be derived from the data obtained by performing a chemical analysis for iodine in the water layer.

With an auto-pipet, 400 l of cyclohexanone was placed into a large sample vial. 1000 l of methanol was added with the cyclohexanone. The sample vial was then capped and the solution was swirled gently. In the hood, 1200 l of sodium borohydride reducing solution was added to the solution by adding it in dropwise. The solution was then swirled and vented occasionally for 25 minutes. After letting it sit and swirling the solution, 4.0 ml of cold dilute hydrochloric acid (1 M HCl) was added into the mixture using a calibrated pipet. The aqueous mixture was extracted with the use of three 2.0 ml portions of methylene chloride. With each addition, the mixture was capped, shook gently, ventilated, and given time for the layers to separate. 2013 mg

The five different molecules are toluene, ethylbenzene, tertiary butyl benzene, cyclohexane, and methylcyclohexane. The idea behind this experiment is there is a preconceived list of prediction which is going to react with bromine fastest on down to the slowest. There are the different types of hydrogen that are existed on these molecules and relative reactivity towards each other. There are three different groups of hydrogen. First is an aromatic hydrogen which is included in toluene, ethylbenzene, and tertiary butylbenzene.

To prepare and purify an ester: 1-pentyl ethanoate, using pent-1-ol and ethanoic acid. An annotated reaction showing this reaction is shown below:

The objective of this lab was to allow a reaction to occur between the palladium onto the carbon and the cyclohexene. The reaction would allow the cyclohexene to undergo hydrogenation and produce benzene and cyclohexane. After this a gas-chromatography, which uses the compounds boiling points and polarity, was done to see the ratio and yield of the two products.

The product collected from the first experiment was a colorless low viscosity liquid. The theoretical yield of this experiment (Figure 1.) was calculated to be 100.2 mmol (8.221 g). The actual yield of product collected was 11.28 mmol (0.9273 g) which gave an 11.31% yield. The ¹H NMR spectrum of the cyclohexene product (see Appendix A) displayed two resonance signals at (in ppm): δ = 7.04 (s, 4H), 3.75 (s, 4H), 3.02 (s, 2H).

The density of our unknown object was 5.9(g/mL). However, the identified metal, zinc, has a theoretical density of 7.14(g/mL). This cause us to have -17.3% as our percent experimental error. Some likely causes of this was either that there were fingerprints still on the metal because of constant use, so there is bound to be some other substance on the metal. Or there were still a significant amount of air bubbles in the graduated cylinder which made our measurement inaccurate. Our density for the unknown liquid was .779(g/mL). The actual density of the liquid, cyclohexane, is .792(g/mL). Thus our percent experimental error is only -.64%. The reason for such a small percent error compared to the percent error of the metal, is most likely because

General. A liquid-liquid extraction involving and unknown substance dissolved in ethyl acetate was performed using a Separatory Funnel. Ethyl acetate was removed from the organic layer using a Rotory Evaprator, and the remaining organic solid was dried with a High Vacuum Pump. Vacuum filtration with a Buchner funnel was performed to isolate and dry the acidic crystals. Samples of the recovered organic and acidic crystals were melted in a DigiMelt, which reported the temperature oC. Temperatures are uncorrected.

When [A] is luminol and [B] is hydrogen peroxide, a suitable catalyst then evokes the reaction:

Organic molecules are necessary for life and include proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Many supplements found in the fitness industry advertise providing higher levels of some organic molecules, usually proteins or carbohydrates, to improve athletic performance. For this experiment, we were given three supplements that each claimed to offer different nutritional benefits; some marketed higher protein, while others increased energy levels. To verify some of these claims, we determined a method for identifying organic molecules in an unknown substance. We tested each supplement to see what organic molecules were found in each and whether the samples truly contained the substances on their bottle, thereby learning the truth behind their advertisements and claims.

The purpose of this lab was to determine the elasticity of the slime we were to create which was determined by the different percentages of ingredients. In our problem statement we asked how will we make our slime the most stretchable. We then continued to write our hypothesis. We predicted if we use more glue than the rest of the ingredients, then the slime will be stretchier.

Specific Objective #2: Stalling, collision, and ribosome recovery in E. coli protein translation. It has long been known that when a ribosome encounters clusters of rare codons, the ribosome can be “rescued,” where a specialized tmRNA molecule allows the ribosome to abort translation of the current peptide chain via the simultaneous completion of the polypeptide with a fast-degradation tag and cleavage/degradation of the mRNA molecule at the site of stalling69-71. Ribosome rescue is a fundamental process that allows cells to recover unproductive ribosomes, e.g. when the cell is under stress and lacks a sufficiently large number of tRNA molecules for translation. These fast degradation tags found on tmRNA are themselves of interest, as they

The topic of the investigation is equilibria of weak acids, using ethanoic acid. The purpose of the investigation is to determine the relationship between temperature and the equilibrium/dissociation constant of weak acids, by calculating the K_a value of ethanoic acid at various temperatures.