Dark Ages Universe

We are not quite sure exactly how it happened or even how long it took to happen. According to www. Space.com it underwent an incredible growth spurt and doubled in size at least 90 times. This marks the beginning of an extraordinary set of circumstances that created a perfect storm. It was a chaotic set of circumstances the temperature cooled than heated then combined and light appeared and was eventually followed by complete darkness. This light is detectable today and can be researched which will hopefully lead to answers that we have been wanting to answer for many years. Nearly 400 million years after our universe made its appearance in this dramatic and chaotic performance it began to come out of its dark ages. This phase of our universe lasted for a very long time and during this time our very first stars and galaxies appeared. The birth of our Solar System happened approximately after our universe turned 4.6 billion years old. It is believed to have been formed out of a “giant, rotating cloud of gas and dust known as the nebula.” In 1960 dark matter was discovered and remain one of the biggest unanswered questions today. Earth made its entrance approximately 4.54 billion years ago. At its beginning it wouldn’t have been able to be inhabited by humans. Volcanic activity was the norm and at one point there was a collision with another body that is thought

Since my entire thesis for this paper is about how a star is born, I guess the first thing I should start out with is by telling you exactly what a star is. Stars are self-luminous gaseous spheres. They shine by generating their own energy and radiating it off into space. The stars' fuel for energy generation is the stuff they are made of --hydrogen, helium, carbon, etc. -- which they burn by converting these elements into heavier elements. Nuclear fusion occurs, which is when the nuclei of atoms fuse into nuclei of heavier atoms.

The Universe was this tiny super atom, and between 12 and 20 million years ago it exploded, creating as we know it today, the Big bang. It sent matter in every which way, and that was just the beginning of the Universe. As it was forming, nearly all of the earth was made up of this huge cloud of hydrogen. Some of the hydrogen mixed with helium and developed into stars.

The reactions within these huge stars created new elements, heavier elements such as oxygen and carbon. Lemonick (2006) explains how these elements allowed the gaseous clouds to collapse this time into much smaller stars than their predecessors, stars like our sun. "And like the sun, they would have started out generating lots of ultraviolet light before settling down to a more sedate existence" (p. 4). These smaller stars had the lifespan to be able to ionize the hydrogen. It was at this time that the dark ages came to an end. Some scientists theorize that it was X-rays and UV light spewed from black holes that brought a close to this dark time, but perhaps it was both of these theories that finally brought light to our universe.

When all the galaxies were together in one little dot in white space they were extremely hot. And suddenly a huge explosion happened that huge explosion is the Big Bang. The Big Bang is an explosion that made all the galaxies expand and as they expanded they started to cool down. When the

Stars are born in a Nebulae which a clouds of dust and gas (mostly hydrogen). In the stellar nurseries the dense parts undergo gravitational collapse and compress into a rotating gas globule. The globule is cooled by emitting radio waves and infrared radiation. It is compressed by gravitational forces and also by shock waves of pressure from supernova or the hot gas released from nearby bright stars. These forces cause the roughly-spherical globule to collapse and rotate. The process of collapse takes from between 10,000 to 1,000,000 years.

Our Sun is not large enough to become a black hole when it dies. When the Sun loses all of its available nuclear fuel in its core, the Sun will die a quiet death. Stars that have the same size as the Sun are called Solar Mass Stars. When a Solar Mass star dies, its remnants become a white dwarf. Stars that have more mass will eventually become a black hole when they die. When a massive star loses all of its fuel, it is not able to sustain its own weight anymore and begins to collapse on itself. The massive star begins to heat up and a fraction of the stars outer layer. The massive stars outer layer also contains fresh nuclear fuel. This activates the nuclear reaction again and an explosion called a super nova happens. The innermost part of the massive star, the core, still continues to collapse. Depending on the size of the stars core, the star might become a neutron star and the collapsing stops or it will keep on continuing to collapse into a black hole. The dividing mass of the stars core is what determines the stars

According to website, “The Life Of A Star”, “The star begins to release energy, stopping it from contracting even more and causes it to shine.” Once a star starts to flicker rapidly and become even bigger than the star’s original size, the name will change from a high or low mass star to a supergiant (for high mass) and a red giant (for low mass stars). Red giants and supergiants are the result of a star running out of fuel for nuclear fusion to occur. Helium begins to build up in a star's center causing slower paces for new atoms to form, such as carbon, oxygen, and even iron. The book, “The Life And Death Of Stars” states, “But in the case of other stars, as the hydrogen fuel runs out, the star contracts and squeezes its helium. The central temperature rises until the helium atoms begin to form more complicated atoms - carbon, oxygen, and even heavier elements like iron. This information proves that stars start to form these atoms in the red giant/supergiant stage. The outer layers of these stars start to cool and become red. Red giants and supergiants are the stars that start the stage of a star dying

The Big bang is the leading explanation on how the earth came about. The earth started with a small singularity, then it inflated,13.8 billion years, to the cosmos that we all know about, today. The first second after the earth was formed, the surrounding temperature was 10 billion degrees F (5.5 billion C.) The cosmos, according to NASA, contained particles such as neutrons, electrons and protons, that later decayed as the earth cooled. There’s something called an “afterglow” of light that occurred after the big bang happened. Its genetic name is the cosmic microwave

During the creation of stars, denser nuclei were generated from hydrogen and helium through the continuous procedure of stellar nucleosynthesis. Stars make fresh elements in their nuclei by enfolding elements together in a procedure known as nuclear fusion. Stars join hydrogen atoms to helium, then the Helium atoms are fused to generate beryllium, this process goes on, till blend in the core of star has generated each component up to iron. Nuclear fusion occurs in the hydrogen gas in the center of the Sun. It becomes squeezed together so firmly and four hydrogen nuclei join to develop one helium molecule. In the procedure, a number of-of the mass of the hydrogen atoms gets changed to energy in the formula of light. The similar procedure

Like our sun, it will eventually run out of hydrogen and helium fuel at the star’s core. However, it will have enough mass and pressure to fuse carbon (S2). Next, over time, heavier elements build up at the center and it becomes layered like an onion (S2). The elements will become lighter and move towards the outside of the star. The core will heat up and become dense. The core will become extremely heavy; so heavy that its gravitational force will not be able withstand it; causing it to explode. The explosion spews out stellar material throughout space

The temperature of the star has to be very high in order for the star to begin the process of nucleosynthesis, the process where the nuclei of lighter elements fuse together to form different nuclei, releasing energy in the process. A star can have a lifespan of millions, billions, or even trillions of years, depending on the mass of the star. Stars with a low to average mass, like our Sun, will burn longer than stars with a very large mass, because the process of nucleosynthesis will speed up for stars with a larger mass, causing their lifespan to be shorter than that of a star with a lower mass. The process of nucleosynthesis takes hydrogen and burns it into heavier elements, such as helium, allowing new elements form. A star will remain a main sequence star most of its life, burning all of the hydrogen into helium, and burning the helium into heavier

Stars are born in a very complicated way. First the gravitational collapse of a cool, dense molecular cloud sends fragments into space. The fragments then contract and form stellar cores. The stellar cores then rotate and condense as they increase in temperature, to the point that a nuclear reaction occurs. The new born star burns hydrogen into helium for 90 percent of its life and is a sequence star. A star’s mass changes as it burns more hydrogen.Once there is no more hydrogen for the star to burn off of, energy generation will stop and the core will start contracting. As the internal temperature increases a shell of hydrogen gets ignited. The star begins to expand enormously and increases in luminosity. The star expands so large that if our star started to expand like this it would swallow Mercury and

Fourteen billion years ago, there was nothing. Suddenly matter began expanding. As the point that contained all the matter and energy in the Universe expanded, it began cooling off. This theory is called the Big Bang Theory.

The massive star begins its life with a giant molecular. Molecular cloud are made from mega collections of gay and dust. While going through it’s awkward stages of adolescence it spends a great doing of nuclear fusion, its fusing hydrogen into helium for a long time. For millions of years the star has so much fuel, hydrogen atoms that it does so much smashing a creating new elements and energy of all day and every minute.