E1 Reaction

In an oxidation reaction, the number of C-H bonds decreases or the number of C-O bonds increases, while in a reduction reaction, the number of C-H bonds increases or the number of C-O bonds decreases. In the oxidation step of this reaction, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone is formed from when a C-H bond is lost while a C-O bond is gained to create a carbonyl. In the reduction step, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol is formed when the carbonyl is converted into an alcohol when a nucleophilic hydride attacks the carbonyl. Whether the OH is in the

The products of the primary alcohol reaction, 1-butanol and HCl, are 1-chlorobutane and water; products of the secondary alcohol, 2-butanol and HCl are 2-chlorobutane and water; products of the tertiary alcohol, 2-methyl-2-propanol are 2-methyl-2-chloropropane and water.

Background and Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that process substrates, which is the chemical molecule that enzymes work on to make products. Enzyme purpose is to increase the rate of activity and speed up chemical reaction in a form of biological catalysts. The enzymes specialize in lowering the activation energy to start the process. Enzymes are very specific in their process, each substrate is designed to fit with a specific substrate and the enzyme and substrate link at the active site. The binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme is a very specific interaction. Active sites are clefts or grooves on the surface of an enzyme, usually composed of amino acids from different parts of the polypeptide chain that are brought together in the tertiary structure of the folded protein. Substrates initially bind to the active site by noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Once a substrate is bound to the active site of an enzyme, multiple mechanisms can accelerate its conversion to the product of the reaction. But sometimes, these enzymes fail or succeed to increase the rate of action because of various factors that limit the action. These factors can be known as temperature, acidity levels (pH), enzyme and/or substrate concentration, etc. In this experiment, it will be tested how much of an effect

Abstract: Using hypochlorous acid to convert secondary alcohol called cyclododecanol to the corresponding ketone which is cyclododecanone by oxidation.

Using SN1 reaction mechanism with hydrochloric acid, t-Pentyl alcohol was converted to t-Pentyl chloride in an acid catalyzed reaction. The reaction took place in a separatory funnel designed to separate immiscible liquids. The crude product was extracted by transferring a solute from one solvent to another. The process of washing the solutions by phase transfer was used in order to remove impurities from the main solvent layer. Finally, the crude product was dried with anhydrous Calcium chloride and purified once more by simple distillation technique.

The purpose of this lab was to carry out a dehydration reaction of 2-methylcyclohexanol by heating it in the presence of phosphoric acid and determining which alkene product would be the major product. Methylcyclohexanols were dehydrated in an 85% phosphoric acid mixture to yield the minor and major alkene product by elimination reaction, specifically E1. The alkenes were distilled to separate the major and minor products and gas chromatography was used to analyze the results and accuracy of the experiment. The hypothesis was the major product of the reaction would be the most substituted product. This conclusion was made because of

The solution that was performed in this experiment was to use sulfuric acid in order to form a protonated alcohol, so when the halogen or nucleophile back attacks the compound, water is displaced. Once the alcohol is protonated, the solution reacts in either an SN1 or SN2 mechanism.

SN1 reactions are considered unimolecular nucleophilic substitution mechanisms and are a first-order process. Meaning that the reaction forms a carbocation intermediate and that the concentration of the nucleophile does not play a role in the rate-determining step, which is the slowest step in the reaction. All of the SN1 reaction mechanisms in this procedure can react two different ways. The expected mechanism for these reactions would be that the carbocation would react with the weak nucleophile nitrate, attaching the nitrogen to the positively charged carbon. However, while nitrate is the intended nucleophile in all of the reactions, it is a poor nucleophile. The ethanol used in this reaction is a polar protic ionizing solvent,

The a-Ketoglutarate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, loses a CO2 molecule and is then catalyzed by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and becomes succinyl-CoA. In the process, a NAD+ molecules becomes an NADH molecule.

An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst which reduces the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction. Without the presence of enzyme, cell reactions would take so long that they would detectable. During a reaction, in the presence of an enzyme, the substrate first creates a complex with the enzyme. While the substrate is a part of the complex, it’s converted into the product. Then, finally, the complex dissociates from the molecule which allows the release of the enzyme and formed product. An enzyme’s activity depends on a variety of conditions which includes the pH level and temperatures. Phosphorylase is an enzyme that catalyze the addition of a

This results in a mixture of alkenes (Weldegirma 2016). E1 reactions are both unimolecular and reversible at every step. An E1 reaction involves 2 vital steps.

In the conversion of xylose to ethanol by xylose-fermenting microorganisms, xylose is first transported across the cell membrane by a proton symport where xylose is reduced to xylitol via a xylose reductase (XR). Then, xylitol is oxidized to xylulose by a xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH). The xylulose is then phosphorylated to xylulose-5-phosphate before entering the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Thereafter, the xylulose-5-phosphate is metabolized to glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate, and then these compounds are converted to pyruvate where it is finally con-verted to acetaldehyde, which further reduced to ethanol, as demonstrated in Figure 2.1 (McMil-lan, 1993). Yeasts and fungi use this two-step oxidoreduction reaction to convert xylose to xylu-lose.

Ethanol is involved in many chemical processes. The combustion of ethanol produces carbon dioxide and steam. When ethanol is oxidized with acidified Potassium Dichromate, it produces ethanal, which is an acetaldehyde, and water. Then if ethanol is oxidized the product is ethanoic acid, which belongs to the functional group of acetic acid. At room temperature sodium can react with ethanol to sodium ethoxide. In this process the hydrogen atom is replaced by a Na atom. When evolved in reactions, ethanol can produce different kinds of chemical compounds.

The elimination of water from alcohols is a form of dehydration reaction. Most of the time this reaction occurs through the use of an acid, such as concentrated sulphuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid. Using acid causes the reaction to proceed by an elimination mechanism called E1. E1 reactions involve a leaving group that leaves on its own taking the electrons from the bond with it. This preliminary step forms a carbocation which has a positive charge. The next step in the reaction involves a lewis base to deprotonate the carbocation at the

A few drops of phosphoric acid are added to the reaction, phosphoric acid acts as a catalyst so as to speed up the rate of the reaction. The use of the acetic anhydride cautions us to prematurely use any water so as to prevent any hydrolysis of the acetic anhydride from occurring.