Ethyl Esters Lab Report

Atoms are the basic units of matter and all life is based on them. Life on earth is based on the element carbon. It is a highly versatile atom able to form four covalent bonds with itself or other atoms such as hydrogen and water. Atoms combine to form molecules and those that are carbon based are referred to as organic molecules. Organic molecules occur in four different types in living cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are also known as hydrocarbons due to the presence of both hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. They are important sources of energy and are classified in three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

The purpose of this experiment was to practice the functional group transformation procedure. The process of the experiment included the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol in the presence of phosphoric acid and heat. The products that were formed from the reaction were 1-methylcyclohexene and 3-methylcyclohexene. The mass of the final product solution was 0.502g with a percent yield of 18.7% and a boiling point range of 84.5-98.5oC.

Discussion As part of the experiment, the percent composition of each component of the mixture was calculated. 51% of the components were retrieved from filtration while 49% of the solvents were retrieved from dissolving the components in a solvent. The original mixture was one globular solid-like structure.

In this experiment, 1,2-cyclohexene was taken and made it 1,2-cyclohexanediol in two separate reactions. Two products were formed in each respective reaction: cis-1, 2-cyclohexene and trans-1, 2-cyclohexanediol. To figure out which product was formed in each reaction, TLC was used to test the stereochemistry from the products compared to the actual compounds. Each retention factor was compared to the actual product retention factors to see if the reactions had been done properly.

The objective of this experiment is to prepare and identify several types of esters by the process of dehydration synthesis using an alcohol with an acid.

Cyclohexane + Cyclohexene Experiment Prelab What colour is cyclohexane? -Cyclohexane is a colourless solution. What colour is cyclohexene? -Cyclohexene is a colourless solution.

The substances used during the experiment have some hazardous drawbacks. Some hazards of working with ethanol are eye and skin irritation and organ toxicity (Ethanol). This compound is combustible. Some hazards of working with nitric acid are its toxicity and the irritations associated with inhalation, ingestion or contact with its vapors to the skin and eyes (NITRIC ACID). This compound is not combustible.

Dispense .5 mL water into the already weighed conical vial, replace cap and face insert on its down side.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a bromination reaction to manufacture ethyl (2S,3R)-2,3-dibromo-3-phenylpropanoate from ethyl trans-cinnamate utilizing hydrogen bromide, hydrogen peroxide, and ethanol. However, due to an error in the mechanism, the reaction was performed under the same equivalent conditions with trans-diphenylethene to yield 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane. Subsequently, a debromination reaction was performed to synthesize diphenylacetylene from the product, 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane, utilizing potassium hydroxide and ethylene glycol. Both reactions were performed based on the principles of green chemistry: specifically increasing the atom economy, minimizing the syntheses of hazardous chemicals, utilizing safer solvents, preventing pollution and preventing accidents in the process.1 In order to evaluate the purity, each product was analyzed by obtaining the TLC and melting point range and running the samples in the Infrared spectrometer, Gas chromatography mass spectrometer, and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. Based on the mass of solid product obtained, the percent yield for ethyl (2S,3R)-2,3-dibromo-3-phenylpropanoate, 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane and diphenylacetylene were calculated to be %, %, and % respectively.

3.4 Secondary validation assay of the hits obtained from the HTS using an orthogonal assay: The hit compounds obtained from the high throughput screening of kinesin using 30,000 small molecules were further validated by Kinesin ELIPA assay (Enzyme Linked Inorganic Phosphate Assay). Four of the hit compounds that can activate kinesin (based on primary, counter screen and Jukart toxicity assays) were tested by the ELIPA assay. All the assays were conducted in a 96-well half-area plate format (100μl reaction volume). Each reaction was done with a fixed concentration of kinesin (2μg/ml) and varying concentrations of the compounds (0-1mM).

Identifying Substances Using Properties Purpose: To identify unknown substances by observing their physical and chemical properties (e.g. colour, state, clarity, crystal shape, behaviour in water, behaviour in acid), and comparing them to the physical and chemical properties of known substances. Hypothesis: I predict that by observing and testing the properties, as well as comparing them to those of known substances, we can identify all 5 of the unknown substances.

2. Based on the chromatographic methods you learned this semester, state which separation technique (Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Size Exclusion Chromatography) would be the best choice for each of the cases below and explain why? (12 points; 2 points each)

In this experiment, the pKa, dissociation constant, of 2-naphthol was determined by measuring the UV-visible absorption spectra of solution of the acid at different pH values.

For lab twelve, the molar mass for Isopropyl alcohol is 73.121g/mol. The molar mass for unknown sample is 107.01g/mol. The molar mass for Isopropyl alcohol and unknown sample would be different from true molecular weight because the liquid of Isopropyl alcohol is not completely vaporized in boiling water. There is small amount of liquid left in the Florence flask that affect the result of molar mass for Isopropyl alcohol to be different than the true molecular weight of Isopropyl alcohol. Also, some vapors could have escaped through the pinhole. Instead of making tiny pinhole in the middle of foil, I could have accidently make a huge pinhole that causes the vapors to escape easily and change the result of molar mass. Lastly, I only did one

Through this experiment, I prepared allyl phenyl ether from phenol and allyl chloride by using the Williamson ether synthesis. Through careful analysis, I was able to calculate my percent yield and determine the purity of my product. For my product, I calculated my percent yield to be 88% pure. There are no impurities present in my product. One step in the procedure where substantial loss of product is likely to occur is if the system is boiling at too rapid a rate, the capacity of the condenser to cool the vapors may exceeded and reagents (or product) may be lost from the top of the condenser. Another step in the procedure where substantial loss of product is likely to occur is if the lid on the vial or stopper on the round-bottom flask is