Bone Formation Essay

The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone. Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues, that is, they are composed of cells in a matrix with intracellular fibers. Just imagine connective tissue as a gelatin salad with grapes and coconut. The grapes would represent cells, the gelatin the support material for matrix, and the pieces of coconut the intracellular fibers. By changing the amounts of each ingredient and adding extra substances, we can produce a material that is very hard like bone and can withstand weight or softer like cartilage which can be used as a cushioning material.

Some examples include the following: clavicle, coccyx, femur, fibula, foramen magnum, mandible, maxilla, metatarsals, ossify, phalanges, radius, scapula, sternum, suture, tibia, ulna, and vertebra. All of these terms are associated with the skeletal system. The mandible, maxilla, and foramen magnum are located in the cervical vertebrae. The clavicle, scapula, and sternum are located in the thoracic vertebrae. The lumbar vertebra contains the humerus, ulna, and radius. The coccyx is located in the sacral vertebrae. The femur, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges, and tibia are located in the appendicular skeleton. The sutures are located in the skull. The vertebrae is the backbone of the body. Ossification is the formation of bone. These terms are important in knowing and learning the skeletal system.

One of the main things that people have in common is a spine, but not all spines are the same. When people think of a spine they think of a vertical bone that is in the center of the back, but what most people may not know is that a spine

| |There are also 7 tarsals in the foot, 5 metatarsals also in the foot as well as 14 phalanges (toes)|

Supporting the cranium is the vertebral column also known as the spine. These thirty-three bones,

IRREGULAR BONES are adapted to fulfil various functions. The vertebrae are examples of irregular bones with each section of the vertebra column adapted to fulfil the function for which they were designed. The first cervical vertebra is known as the atlas because it articulates (moves) with the skull. This vertebra has no body but instead has a large flat surface that articulates with the skull and provides a good base of support as well as allowing the skull to rotate freely. The second cervical vertebra is the axis which has a special process (sticky out bit) that passes up into the atlas allowing the head to pivot or rotate. The twelve thoracic vertebrae have a long spinous process which lock together to prevent excessive rotation and to

Vertebrae, while differing slightly based on their region in the spinal column, typically consist of a body and vertebral arch. Anterior to the arch, the body (1) is the thick, broad part of the bone that serves to support and bear weight. Between each individual body is the intervertebral disk space. The vertebral arch is made of several parts. Pedicles (2) extend posteriorly from the body and curves to the laminae (2). These two parts encircle the vertebral foramen with the body. Above and below the pedicles are the superior and inferior vertebral notch, respectively, and they form the intervertebral foramina when stacked. Zygopophyseal joints are formed by the superior and inferior articular processes. At the junctions of the pedicle and lamina, the transverse processes (2) protrude laterally. The spinous process (1) is the most posterior part of the vertebrae and projects from the junction of the left and right laminae.

The Osteoblast is one of the four bone cells found inside the human body. They create bones. An Osteoblast creates the new layer of bone. The another type is called an Osteocyte. An Osteocyte can be formed from an Osteoblast while new bone is in process of creation. They get surrounded after formation. They don’t get completely barricaded because of they send out very long windy branches which connect to other Osteocytes. They can sense cracks and pressures to help direct or send Osteoclasts to dissolve the bone. Osteoclasts are large cells that dissolve the bone. They are formed when two bone cells fuse together. They come from the bone marrow. They usually have more than one nucleus when they form together. They are found on the surface

Ossification is the process of bone formation that is usually beginning at particular centers in each prospective bone and involving the activities of species osteoblasts that segregate and deposit inorganic bone substance about themselves (Webster, 2013). To form fracture callus, hyaline cartilage and woven bone has to be formed first. In order this to happen, chondroblasts and osteoblasts will arise from periosteum of each ends respectively.

Compact bone consists of closely packed osteons or haversian system. The osteon consists of a central canal called the haversian canal, which is surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix. Between the rings of matrix, the bone cells are located in spaces called lacunae. Small channels radiate from the lacunae to the haversian canal to provide passageways through

Long bones significantly longer in one direction than in either of the other two directions for example humerus (upper arm); femur (thigh). Short bone is the similar length in all directions, for example, most carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones. Flat bones are flat and plate-like for example bones of the skull. Irregular bones are not regular or systematic in shape for example vertebrae; hip bones (oli,

The purpose of the article “Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Trabecular Bone: A Review” was to provide an evaluation of the relationship between the mechanical properties of trabecular bone and its intrinsic biological nature. The authors then expand on the classic and modern procedures used to analyze trabecular bone at the microscopic and macroscopic level as well as the elastic properties and strength.

Osteoblasts helpt the ossification of the bones and more in particularly the lengthening of the bones. Ossification is a development process taking place between 0 and 20 years to gradually harden and lengthen the bones. Young children have more flexible cartilage. Osteoblasts absorb calcium from the blood and lay it down as small plates in the cartilage in both directions. This causes the bone to

The bone is wrapped around these canals in concentric circles forming osteon, the structural component in compact bone. Osteocytes (bone cells) are found within the lacunae (space) of these circles.

Bone is a connecting tissue between muscles to support and protect all major internal organs of the body, also is a major store house for calcium in the human body. It is composed of elastic fibers known as collagen made up of protein material and calcium phosphate crystals in between the collagen fibers that will provide hardness and strength to framework of elastic fibers. This combination of calcium phosphate crystals and collagen fibers provides flexibility and hardness to bone, under stress and strain.