Protein Synthesis Lab Report

• *What is the purpose of Protein Synthesis? What are the major stages of the protein synthesis reaction? What major events occur in each stage? Reference Table 4.3.

3) As a ribosome moves along the mRNA, the genetic message is translated into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence.

Translation is a task that makes ribosomes synthesize proteins utilizing mRNA transcript made during transcription. In the begining of this task mRNA attaches it self to a ribosome so that it can be reveal a codon (three nucleotides).

A Matching—Nucleotides: DNA and RNA 1. A 2. F 3. D 4. C 5.

Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from long-range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains.

Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for the production of essential proteins, such as enzymes and hormones. Proteins are long chains of molecules called amino acids. Different proteins are made by using different sequences and varying numbers of amino acids. The smallest protein consists of fifty amino acids and the largest is about three thousand amino acids long. Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell but is controlled by DNA located in the nucleus.

Protein synthesis is the manufacturing of functional polypeptides in the cytoplasm. Protein synthesis occurs through the process of translation. Translation is the formation of a chain of amino acids by using the instructions a messenger RNA strand provides. This process takes place at the ribosome. The codons of an mRNA strand carry the instructions in triplets of bases of the coding strand of the gene. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid to be installed into the growing polypeptide chain. During translation, the sequence of codons will dictate the sequence of amino acids in the protein. The amino acids are delivered to the ribosome by transfer RNA, a fairly small and mobile type of RNA. Each transfer RNA molecule attaches and transports a specific amino acid.

*translation essentially is the conversion of a sequence of genetic bases on messenger RNA into an amino acid. 7. The protein becomes folded as it leaves the ribosome. This allows the protein to carry out a particular function.

After the process of transcription has happened then the process of translation comes in. Translation is the process that puts the amino acids in a specific order. When mRNA comes back out of the nucleus

The DNA code is a triplet code which determines the type of amino acids and the order in which they are joined together to form a specific protein. The bases hydrogen bond together by complementary base pairing between strands. Complementary base pairing refers to the structural pairing of nucleotide bases in DNA, which is made up of four nucleotide bases; guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and thymine (T). The adenine base is always paired with the complementary thymine base (U in RNA) and guanine is always paired with the complementary cytosine base.

Proteins are made up of long chains of building blocks called amino acids. The sequence of the amino acid is characteristic to a particular protein and this determines its function. There are twenty or more amino acids - some of which are essential some non-essential.

Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl grouping, and a unique side chain or the R-group (Campbell and Farrell 61).

When DNA replicates or its transcribed into RNA can cause changes in the sequence of bases which makes up the genetic code. Know that a set of three bases in a gene in DNA codes for a particular amino acid.

Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes. To start off, a protein is made in a ribosome. There are many cellular mechanisms involved with protein synthesis. Before the process of protein synthesis can be described, a person must know what proteins are made out of. There are four basic levels of protein organization. The first is primary structure, followed by secondary structure, then tertiary structure, and the last level is quaternary structure. Once someone understands the makeup of a protein, they can then begin to learn how elements can combine and go from genes to protein. There are two main processes that occur during protein synthesis, or peptide formation. One is transcription and

The second stage of the process is complementary base pairing. In this stage, new complementary nucleotides are positioned following the rules of complementary base pairing: adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C). Then, the binding of free nucleotide with complementary bases is catalyzed by DNA polymerase.