Rat Ileum Agonist Concentration: Response Relationship Experiment

The control group was expected to see a decrease in absorbance because of the starch being digested by amylase. Our experimental group contained everything the control group did, including the Carb Cutter pill. If the Carb Cutter proved to actually work it would show a steady high absorbance, proving that it constantly keeps amylase from digesting the starch.

The determination of the number of thiol groups by DTNB is carried out at pH> 7.5 because the extinction coefficient is strongly pH dependent at pH values more acidic than 7.5. With an altered pH the maximal extinction may be altered, meaning that the absorbency figures will be

The experiment began by mixing the initial 1.775g isopentyl alcohol with 2.3 mL acetic acid and about 5 drops sulfuric acid. This reaction mixture was then heated under reflux for an hour after boiling of the reaction mixture began.

Absorption – “How the drugs enter the circulation process through the body, and how they resist general breakdown by the stomach, liver, and the intestines”. Some of the factors that affect the absorption of drugs in the body is as follows, “acidity of the stomach, Physiochemical properties, Presence of food in the stomach or intestine, and Routes of administration”,

Millions of Americans are diagnosed with gastrointestinal disorders every year. Many can be controlled with lifestyle changes and medication. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of these gastrointestinal disorders that can be controlled with medication. Looking at pharmaceutical advertising, this paper will focus on two different internet gastrointestinal medication advertisements, one that is FDA approved and one that is not. Both were found on the internet that targets the general population with frequent heartburn symptoms. Each advertisement will be critiqued individually. This paper will also describe the pathophysiology of this GI disorder and the ways medication can alter this pathophysiology. Finally, these two commercials will be compared and contrasted, including the stated use of medication, patient safety issues, and analysis of that company’s claim of its benefits.

In this experiment, the glucose and starch molecules accurately reflected the expected results of the biological simulation. Animal’s starch molecule can’t cross the plasma membrane to leave the intestine, similarity in our experiment, the starch solution were not able to permeate through the intestine (Dialysis tubing), thus a

absorption of acetaminophen has a pKa of 9.5 and in the alkaline medium of the duodenum

Male Wistar rats between 120 and 140 kg will be fed an ammonium acetate rich diet to induce them with hyperammonemia for a 5-week period. Thirty Wistar rats will undergo surgery to implant portacaval shunts. This model was created to develop a system that has a pure hyperammonemic state that is commonly found in individuals with chronic liver disease. Four groups of 10 Wistar rats, split into 2 control groups and 2 experimental groups. The four designated groups will be: the normal fed control group, the control + PMO group, the portacaval shunted group (ammonia group), and the portacaval shunted Wistar rats + PMO groups. Portacaval shunts will be performed, in order to induce alterations in nitrogen metabolism caused by changing the function of the liver. The control + PMO group and portacaval shunted Wistar rats + PMO group will be given 60 mg/L of PMO in their drinking water everyday at the same time until their deaths. In order to ensure all water will be consumed, all Wistar rats will be provided with only 10 ml of water. The Wistar rats in the control groups will be given tap water on the same drinking schedule as the two experimental groups. After 5 days of treating each experimental group, the Wistar rats willingness to explore brain function was assessed using a Y-Maze learning test everyday for 10 trials. Additionally, ammonium

Histamine was added into the organ bath by using a pipette. 20 seconds were taken to record the peak response of the ileum contraction. After that, the organ bath was overflowed by opening the valves to wash off the Histamine. Then, the other valves were open to drain the organ bath and the outer-jacket to the marked level. When the response on the computer screen reached the baseline, a new concentration of histamine was added.

The PPIs are inactive pro drugs that are carried in the bloodstream to the parietal cells in the gastric mucosa. The pro drugs readily cross the parietal cell membrane in the cytosol. These drugs are weak bases and therefore have a high affinity for acidic environments. They diffuse across the secretory membrane on the parietal cell into the extracellular secretory canaliculus, the site of active proton pump. Under this acidic conditions the prodrugs are converted to their active form, which irreversibily binds the proton pump, inhibiting acid secretions. Since the’ active principles ‘ forms at a low pH it concentrates selectively in the acidic enviorment of the proton pump and results in extremely effective inhibition of acid secretion.The different PPIs(Omeprazole,Esomeprazole,Lanzoprazole, Pantoprazole and Rabeprazole ) bind to different sites on the proton pump, which may explain their differences in potency on a milligram per milligram basis.

The results show that 1 tablet of Quick-eze is most effective in neutralizing the stomach because the number of moles of HCl reacted with the NaOH is 0.00216 moles (one tablet), which is less than Gaviscon. The number of moles of NaOH that were added from the burette is 0.00327 moles (one tablet of Gaviscon). However, the actual number of moles of calcium carbonate in a Gaviscon tablet is 0.0019 moles, but for Quick-eze, the number of moles is 0.0079 moles (actual amount of base in both tablets). This means that the number of moles added from the burette was more compared to the actual amount, which affects the accuracy of the results. However, these results are somewhat precise because of the minor difference between the experiment results

The different groups consisted of MK-801 injections, Saline injections and no injections. The injections were given twice daily for a week long period. The animals were then tested twice daily for a three week long period using 2 methods. The methods consisted of an experimental paradigm and a control paradigm. The experimental paradigm released a pellet that consisted of 45mg dustless precision food pellet every minute for the two hours of testing (120 minutes/2hr = 120 pellets). The control paradigm provided the 120 pellets freely in a dish. Both groups had free and equal access to water throughout the experiment. They had measured which group had consumed more water by weighing the water bottles before and after the

Following the ingestion of the barium sulfate a high KUB radiograph was taken using 100 kV and 80 mAs with 50 inch SID. The central ray was 3 inches above the level of her iliac crest and the exposure was taken at the end of expiration. The time was annotated on each and every radiograph taken throughout the study. The patient was then rolled onto their right side to allow the stomach to drain. The patient remained lying on her right side for 15 minutes and then turned back to the supine position for another high KUB radiograph of the stomach. The same technical factors were used of 100 kV and 80 mAs and a SID of 50 inches with the central ray 3 inches above her iliac crest. On the 15 minute radiograph the barium had moved to the second part of the small intestine the jejunum. The patient requested that she stay lying in the supine position instead of lying on her right side because it was more comfortable for her. The technologist said that was fine because the barium did move. However, if the barium had not moved, she would have been returned into the right lateral position. If the patient is able to get up and walk around at this time it is ideal to allow the barium to start moving through the small

determine their method of action and how they relate to the size of response created (Michelson 2007). Eserine should not act as a antagonist, but instead increase the size of response created by other agonists.

Add 5mL of gastric juices (contains both pepsin solution and HCl) to test tube 3