Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone Lab Report

In this laboratory exercise, we used the single celled ciliated protist Tetrahymena to be a model organism for the formation of vacuoles. For this lab, you should be able to see Tetrahymena vacuole formation through phagocytosis, and be able to calculate the rate of formation. The cilia of the organisms sweep food particles into the "mouth" of the cell, and get enclosed within the vacuoles through the process of phagocytosis. You can visualize that process through a microscope and feeding Tetrahymena India Ink, stained yeast cells, and observe vacuole formation. In order to test whether or not the concentration of India ink affects the rate of

From this point in the lab, we could make no real predictions about the composition of the products or the mechanisms of the reactions. This is also most likely the reason for such a low yield and strange coloration. Other sources of error include poor transfer of the crude product from filter paper to flask for recrystallization, as some of the product was lost in the transfer, lessening the yield. Also, when the 0.75 mL of the 16 M nitric acid was added, the pH, instead of becoming neutral, resulted in a pH of 1, in effect “burning” the product. This may also be a reason for the color of the final product.

Unfortunately, if we want to know how many moves it will take to transfer 100 disks from pole A to pole B, we will first have to find the moves it takes to transfer 99 disks, 98 disks, and so on and so forth. Therefore the recursive pattern will not be much help in finding the time it would take to transfer all the disks.

First, we need to plug in the variables into the numbers from the information to create our first equation for the system. 3j (glasses of orange juice) + 5p (5 pancakes) = 7.60. Now, plug in the variables into the numbers from the information for the second equation for the system. j ( a glass of orange juice) + 2p ( 2 pancakes) = 2.90.

The goal of this was to successfully accomplish the synthesis of para-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid. In this experiment, para-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid was synthesized from 4-chlorophenolate and chloroacetic acid using an SN2 reaction. The product obtained was determined to be the para isomer of Chlorophenoxyacetic acid. This was confirmed by the melting point of 157.3-157.9 ◦C. The percent yield determined at the end of the experiment was 37.83 %. The TLC analysis showed that P-Chlorophenol was less polar than P-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid because it had an Rf value of 0.38 in comparison to the value of 0.33 on a 50:50 hexane and ethyl acetate solvent mixture. In the NMR comparison, it was shown that both the starting material of chloroacetic acid and product contained a peak of integration two around 4 ppm representing the acidic proton. In the FT-IR comparison, it was determined that the Chloroacetic acid and the para-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid both had an OH bond at 3416 cm-1 and 3429.72 cm-1 respectively. The Chloroacetic acid and para-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid also both had a carbon-oxygen double bond at 1648 cm-1 and 1654.81 cm-1 respectively. The para-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid also contained a peak at 1236.18 cm-1 which represents the C-O-C bond.

This experiment was governed by the the Wittig reaction mechanism, which is done properly yields an alkene. The percent yield for the overall experimented, after purification was approximately 4.23%, not a very high yield but enough to carry out subsequent

All the data was fitted satisfactorily using the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 7. Where, Rs, CPE1 and R1 represent solution resistance, a constant- phase element corresponding to the double layer capacitance and the charge transfer resistance, respectively. CPE2 and R2 were added to account for the electrical elements of the outer layer. The following formula expressed the electrode impedance, Z, as follow:

Methylene chloride is added to the flask with the diester. The seperatory funnel is attached to the flask with 1.0 M bromine inside. Bromine is added to ester mixture drop by drop until the solution stays a yellow color. After ten minutes a cyclohexene and methylene chloride mixture is added drop by drop to remove the excess bromine. Ester solution is placed on the rotary evaporator at 45°C. Ethanol was added to the product. Solution was cooled in an ice bath for thirty minutes and crystals began to form. Solution was vacuum filtered with a Hirsch funnel. The mass of the product was 0.47 g. MP 70.1-75.3°C The theoretical yield was .74 g. This makes the percent yield 64%. The expected melting point was 123-125°C. The diacid was not the product formed. With IR, HNMR, and CNMR data the identity of the final product was found. IR (neat) 2989.8 and 2955.7 (Sp3 C-H), 1785.8 (Lactone ester), 1735.8 (ester). 1H NMR (CDCL3) 5.073 ppm (d, 1H), 4.991 ppm (d, 1H), 4.637 ppm (d, 1H), 4.599 ppm (d, 1H), 3.764 ppm (s, 3H), 3.364 ppm ( m, 1H), 3.130 ppm (m,1H), 2.948 ppm (d, 1H), 2.558 ppm (m, 2H), 2.363 ppm ( m, 1H), 1.934 ppm (s, 1H), 1.728 ppm (s, 1H). 13C NMR (CDCL3) 177.037 ppm, 171.388 ppm, 88.171 ppm, 53.125 ppm, 50.270 ppm, 49.297 ppm, 49.328 ppm, 49.040 ppm, 41.317 ppm, 36.441

An alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, ester, and ether are examples of the functional group. One of the functional group that tends not to think about is a plain old hydrogen. It is a functional group, but it is normally ignored. It is drawn sometimes, but often time in the structure, it will be left out. There is a reason for the fact that the Hydrogen is normally disregarded.

Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is a substance that can only be detected in human tasting receptors if the individual has a dominant allele for that trait. This experiment analyzes a small sample of college students and uses PTC taste testing to assess the number of strong, moderate and non-tasters for PTC. It uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify these students’ DNA strands and assess their genotypes for the PTC tasting gene. The results show that strong tasters seem to exhibit a homozygous dominant genotype for the PTC tasting gene, while moderate tasters exhibit a heterozygous genotype, and non-tasters exhibit a homozygous recessive genotype for the PTC tasting train. The frequency of these alleles are predicted using the Hardy-Weinberg

The phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) gene allows us to taste compounds that are bitter. Students are given two strips, one being coated with PTC and the other uncoated, and are asked to record how they respond to both strips. Nonetheless, the methods of DNA extraction and amplification are explained, and how students predicted their genotypes along with how it compared to their actual genotypes.

The reason for the percentage yield being slightly low may be due to when substances are being transferred from different beakers and flasks, which lead to some product being lost, also when being filtered, some of the product may have been left on the filter paper or hadn't formed to crystals yet, which lead to it passing through the filter paper and into the flask. Also, not every molecule in the reaction might have reacted which lead to a loss of product. This could be improved by minimising the amount of transfer between different flasks and beakers. Also, the crystals could have been left to develop for a longer period of time before being filtered by the Buchner funnel, and by taking more time to measure out each reactant so that the measurements are exact, to increase the

Many adolescence struggle with a poor self-image due to changes going on in the body during puberty. While there are differences in how boys become men and girls become women there is one issue the both groups struggle with, acne. According to the American Academy of Dermatology “acne effects up to 50 million Americans annually and approximately 84% of people between the ages of 12 and 24 experience at least minor acne”(AAD). With these numbers it is clear that acne is something that many people struggle with. Thankfully medications in the form or creams, face washes, and even pills have been manufactured to combat acne and its effects on the skin. This paper focuses on one specific, oral, form of acne medication called Minocycline.

Since recrystallization reaction used to purify the product from impurities, this resulted in low product yield. When the pure product was crystallized and impurities were removed from the product, the weight of product became lesser compared to the weight before recrystallization. The percent yield of the reaction was 25.6 % which was a bit low, but this value was a reasonable yield for recrystallization. The percent yield for recrystallization was usually a bit low compared to reactions without recrystallization. The low percent yield of this reaction showed matched with the expected low yield of recrystallization.

2-methyle pentane 99.9%, acetone, hydrochloric acid and 1-propanol 99.9% were bought from Fisher Scientific Company. Bi2O3 99%, SnCl2 99%, Na2S 99.5% , Na2SO4 99.9%, methylene blue 99.9%, and sodium lauryl sulphate 99.9% were purchased from Aldrich-Sigma. The composition of nanoemulsion was 41.67% water, 41.67% oil phase (2-methyle pentane and 1-propanol) and 16.66% surfactant. Bi3+ and Sn2+ ions were dissolved in water phase. Similarly, in separated nanoemulsion, S-2 ions were dissolved in water. All components of the nanoemulsion were blended to form a single optically isotropic mixture under stirring at room temperature of 20 oC. Nanoemulsion of Bi3+ and Sn2+ ions was added to nanoemulsion of S-2 ions and stirred for 2 hours to form