The Effects Of Containerization On The Cities And Ports Of San Francisco And Oakland

ships had to be unloaded so the freight could be carried overland, towns sprang up where the cargo could be stored and protected, and slipways were constructed so that the ships could be drug over land, so there was no way enemy ships or navies could attack.

Companies that were going bankrupt months before were now literally begging for labourers and some even suffered from a shortage of workers. This was mainly due to the rapid production levels the country needed to produce military equipment including ammunition and vehicles etc. A short time after the U.S. declaration of war, the unemployment rate dropped a massive ten per cent from its previous amount. After taxes, business profits almost doubled and industrial output increased massively at 96 per cent. Government expenditure also sored dramatically to 53 per cent of GDP at its peak in 1945, in comparison to around 20 per cent of GDP previous to the war. This contributed to business recovery and gave companies the kick start they needed. Due to productivity doubling, consumer goods also expanded. The war consumed one third of industrial output and this ensured a constant supply of goods, the U.S being the only country with a significant rise in supply despite rationing. Wages also rose 50 per cent higher by 1944, this was a combination of over-time pay and wage increases etc.

A war time economy in the United States has proven to be a way to bring the people of America together, boost the economy, and inspire nationalism. The War of 1812 did much to follow this trend. By shutting off trade with Great Britain for a few years, United States ' manufacturers were able to establish their industries and develop a dependency from the people of America. In these ways, the War of 1812 helped create a scenario that allowed the United States to proliferate following the war. The United States grew following War of 1812 due to innovations in transportation, the role of the federal government, and industrialization in the developing market.

as trade was again restricted by the British who placed naval blockades. The budgetary crisis was made so much worse by the banning of the First Bank of the United States. But admiringly it was reestablished quick right after the war. The lack of imported goods quickly gave strong encouragement to start building several U.S. industries mainly located in the Northeast. Many industries in the U.S. had set up profitably during the wars, and approximately half of the industries failed after hostilities broke.

During World War II the United States began to manufacture war materials to support its allies through lucrative government defense contracts as automobile factories like Ford and General Motors put aside their usual business operations and began to produce tanks and airplanes, shipyards too expanded their operations . The demand for war equipment naturally increased the demand for labor and as a result helped pull the American economy out of the grips of the Great Depression. Then as the unthinkable happened, on December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, which drew many young American men into the battlefield.

Before and during the war our trade was severely interrupted and negatively affected which resulted in the need for Americans to rely on themselves to make many of the products they had previously depended on importation for. Because the States were no longer purchasing from other countries and paying high taxes, but buying and selling to their own people, the economy was lifted. Previous to the start of the War and all throughout, the economy was in sad shape. Due to the result of the war and uneasy ties with Britain, by doing business within itself America was lifted a little out of the huge hole which the War of 1812 and previous wars created.

The war caused a serious change in economic and social patterns. Industry responded to the military’s needs. The Ford assembly plant in Richmond changed its focus to building Sherman Tanks. The Richmond Shipyards built more ships during the war than any time("Everyday). Economically, the war effectively ended the Great Depression. Military spending gave the U.S. economy the boost it had desperately needed. It effectively ended the Great Depression (Winkler). A large network of wartime agencies was developed to coordinate war production. FDR wasn 't for closing agencies or firing people who worked for him, so he created one agency after another, which caused competition. This helped fuel the war effort (Winkler). Citizens bought billions of dollars worth of bonds to help ease the cost of war. They saved supplies, such as rubber and metal, to be recycled into military materials(Winkler).

to a busy merchant seaport in 1850 to the industrial metropolis by the 1900’s.  The

Tension with Germans also became manifold after devastation of American merchant trade with Britain as U-boats destroyed more than 4,700 merchant ships and 200 warships. Stalin stressed the Allied invasion of France while Roosevelt urged troop’s deployment in North Africa. Allied leaders planned invasion of Italy in 1943 but downfall of Mussolini took eleven months and cost was heavy for American. Despite zero physical harm at home ground, war changed America completely. Millions of Americans worked overseas, women replaced men in factories and automobile factories became weapon producing units. Mobilization for war resulted in a thriving economy.

“In 1860, only 2,719 Chinese resided in San Francisco, representing 7.8 percent of the Chinese population In California. Ten years later, the Chinese population in the city had soared to 12,022, a 343 percent increase. Meanwhile, San Francisco had begun to develop as a locus of industry, it had about two hundred manufacturing firms employing fifteen hundred workers. Ten years later, with nearly one-fourth of California’s Chinese population living there, San Francisco had more than twelve thousand laborers employed in industrial production and was the ninth leading manufacturing city in the United States. Half of the labor force in the city’s four key industries—boot and shoe, woolens, cigar and tobacco and sewing—was Chinese” (Takaki pg.182-183).

Southern California's growth began in the early twenty century because of the oil, automobile, and motion picture industry. Oil was already discovered in California but it's biggest boom didn't happen until the 1890s when it was discovered in Los Angeles. There were so much oil that oil wells began to pop up in peoples' backyards and the barrels were full of oil. For example, Edward Doheny and Charles Canfield's oil wells were filling up 700,000 barrels for the year of 1895 (pg. 292; p. 7). Then, Henry Ford's Model-T arrived in San Francisco and it jump-started the automobile revolution in the state. As a result, the Automobile Club of Southern California and California State Automobile Association were formed to build better roads. And finally,

BART plays a critical role in the Bay Area economy. BART employs about 3,269 Bay Area residents, and passengers spend about $400 million per year on retail purchases in San Francisco. The original $1.5 billion investment in the BART system now has an anticipated replacement value of $21 billion. BART’s FY 2014 operating budget is $796.6 million. The FY 2014 capital budget is $737.3 million.

Heavy rail in the Bay Area for local transit is defined by BART, or Bay Area Rapid Transit. The system was created by the state legislature in 1957, and construction commenced in 1964. The system replaced the Key System, electric streetcars running over the Bay Bridge, and increasing car usage, and connected three counties.

However, Deborah Cowen’s The Deadly Life of Logistics published in 2014 by the University of Minnesota Press justifies globalization in a very complex way which opens the eyes of readers to the violent aspects relating to it. In the title words such as “trade” and “logistics” may deceive some users with the content contained in the book to business decisions and the revolution in military affairs. Nonetheless, this is not the case as this book aims to describe the art and the science of logistics. Cowen suggests that logistics is part of the reason of the changing world in political agendas, security levels, rise of global production, labour practices and warfare. Cowen uses critical theory to elaborate the revolution in logistics by going through the civilization of logistics and going in depth of the economic and and

Analyse the phenomenon of empty containers in some ports, and the scarcity of containers in other ports. Describe the causes, and find potential solutions. Is this phenomenon a sign of a bad economy?