Trade credit, as defined by (Paul and Boden, 2008) allows customers to delay payments for goods or services to a supplier for a specified period of time. Alternatively, Laffer (1970) defines trade credit as “a means through which money is transferred from economic entities possessing idle money balances to entities in need of additional money balances” (Laffer, 1970, pp. 242). Globally, the scale of trade credit is significant such that in most developed countries it exceeds short-term bank credit (Blasio, 2003) and is an important way of financing firms’ working capital (Peel and Wilson, 1996; Paul and Boden, 2008).
At least 30% of all credit-based sales in developed and emerging markets are paid outside the agreed terms, with fewer paid
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They did not, however, explain how their results relate to the theoretical literature on the financing motive for trade credit.
Summers and Wilson (1999), using data from 655 UK firms, investigated the theoretical motivations for the use of trade credit by firms for purchases. The demand for credit was modelled as a function of transaction costs motivations, financing motivations, operational considerations, seller compliance issues, supplier marketing, and environmental issues, while controlling for firm characteristics such as size and industry. The results suggest that trade credit is generally perceived as a cheap financing option, giving support for the financing motive. These findings for the UK environment seem to contrast with Elliehausen & Wolken (1993) who in their study of trade credit demand in the USA state that sellers that extend trade credit typically offer cash discounts to encourage early payment.
The most obvious reason as to why customers and indeed businesses use trade credit could be attributed to the transactional theory. In the absence of trade credit, firms must pay for purchases upon delivery. Seasonal businesses may demand extended credit terms due to their irregular cash flows and to achieve balance in their cash conversion cycle (Wilson and Summers, 2002; Paul, 2004). Ferris (1981) when testing the transaction and financing theories
In trade routes and otherwise greed led to violence. This was demonstrated through slavery, piracy, and control of ivory and opium. African slavery began from greed; Europeans needed labor to fuel their large trading productions and manufacturing of the traded goods. Mesoamerican slavery and destruction was caused by the Spanish conquistadors in their infamous quest for gold, god, and glory. Through greed the conquistadors decimated an entire civilization to obtain their gold. However the British and Dutch reaped many economic benefits of this perhaps even without knowledge of where their wealth had come from. Piracy, also fueled by greed, began as small bands, but eventually transformed into large companies of corporate raiders. The
In the article “Conditions of Trade,” Michael Baxandall explains that fifteenth-century Italian art is a “deposit” resulting from the commercial interaction between the artist and the purchaser, who he refers to as a client. These works, as such, are “fossils of economic life,” and money, and they play an important role in the history of art. In our current perception of the relationship between the artist and art, “painters paint what they think is best, and then look around for a buyer” . However in the past, especially during the Renaissance period, the customers determined the content and form of paintings, as it was them who commissioned the work before it was created. He states that the artists and clients were interconnected and
Analyze the role of slavery and Triangular trade in the Colonial mercantile structure and for the primitive accumulation of Capital that allowed the take off of Capitalism?
The Trans-Atlantic Trade has diversified the economy more in the North than in the South. While Southern farmers were able to acquire more lands and so more slaves; Northern farmers had to look for other opportunities. The economic development in the eighteenth century combined with the population growth changes the way people saw themselves, but also the way people understand the authority that surrounded them. Economic growth in America also led to the development of social life with the diversification of the society. While the market economy created those with wealth and those who seemed to be permanently poor, social hierarchy became challenged by the social stratification of the society. Blackburn, Robin (1997) highlights in his article
For example if a business were to spend heavily just before it receives cash from their customers who have bought on credit it is likely to face problems. It is not wise to spend cash when it is not definitely there. It will help SIGNature Ltd. to save cash if they were able to delay paying their courier for services they have already bought, the courier may also be able to extend their credit period (if any) from 30 to 60 days for example. However the business should be careful that the courier do not withdraw their credit facilities and refuse to transport the business’ goods if they are waiting too long for payment. Alternatively Sharma and Ryan could look into other courier services, comparing prices on the market in order to find a company that will transport their goods at a lower cost; leaving additional cash funds to support other business activity. Additional action that could be taken includes reducing the personal drawings from the business, owners who regularly take cash from the business could attempt to take less. Living expenses may be an issue to consider, however, making a reduction in drawings taken could reduce the amount of money that leaves the business.
Throughout human history exploration has had its basis in the desire to expand, or find alternate, trade systems. Without the expansion of trade and the exploration, discoveries, and innovations that were spawned by it, our world would be a very different place. Various trade systems have come and gone throughout the tale of history, however we will examine just two, very dissimilar, systems: the Atlantic trade system, arguably the most well known trade system, particularly to American school age students; and the lesser known Chinese tribute trade system. We will also take a look at how both trade systems compare to each other and why they would be ineffective in modern times.
· What happens when there is a surplus of imports brought into the U.S.? Cite a specific example of a product with an import surplus, and the impact that has on the U.S. businesses and consumers involved. When there is a surplus of imports brought into the U.S. it means that the price of the product(s) will drop. U.S. companies that are competing with the Chinese made products will suffer from price drops of the goods. With consumers it will benefits the consumer with the lower price on goods. Large screen LCD/HDTV is a good example. Since the recession there has been a surplus of large screen HDTV. Not many people can afford or buy them since the prices were high. Now large screen LCD/HDTV is much cheaper than what it was 4 years ago.
In the recent years, business become more larger due to the advancement of technology, a renewed enthusiasm for entrepreneurship and a global sentiment that favors international trade to connect people, business and market. The economist emphasize about the international trade can increase the production of goods and service, increase the demand from the consumer in local or international, the diversification of goods and services and the stability in the supply and prices of goods and services. As a result, it becomes the main part of the international business and motivated countries to trade with borders. The United States implied the government intervention since the great depression through the financial sector rescue
Letter of credit or L/C is the most common mode of payment opened for import of goods by a banker at the instance of his importer customer in favour of overseas seller. A L/C of credit may be commercial or non-commercial. When it relates to a mercantile transaction, buying and selling of goods, it is called a commercial letter of credit. And when it does not relate to any mercantile transaction, but only conveys an order of the opening
Trade credit is the practice of purchasing goods now and paying for them later. Trade credit is widely used and “is the least expensive and most convenient form of short-term financing” (McHugh, McHugh & Nickels, 1999, p. 573). When a company purchases goods on credit an invoice is received outlining the terms of repayment. An invoice contains terms such as 2/10, net 30. The total bill is due in 30 days, but the supplier has extended a discount if the amount is paid in full within 10 days. Finance managers use the information on the invoice to perform an analysis to find out if the discount is worth paying the invoice in advance or if there is opportunity for more earning potential if invested elsewhere.
The international trade of goods across the world accounts for approximately 60% of the world Gross Domestic Product (The World Bank, 2014). A great proportion of goods transactions occur every second. The primary question is whether international trade benefits a country as an entirety, and, if so, why would a country implement protective trade policies to restrict particular exports? To address this question, this essay aims to explore the impact of trade on various economic stakeholders, including consumers, producers, labour and government and, furthermore, will compare models and theories with reality to ascertain the true winner/ loser in the international trade market.
The concept of absolute advantage is one of the most fundamental areas of concern in the study of economics. In its basic meaning, absolute advantage refers to the ability of one individual or party to produce more of a particular good or service than other competitors given the same amount of resources. In this regard, absolute advantage becomes a very important aspect in the concept of international trade as it clearly defines the different areas where countries should specialize in order to maximize their productivity and enhance international trade. The principle of absolute advantage was first elucidated by Adam Smith in his study of international trade using labor and capital as the only factor inputs(Free, 2010).
Being an assignment submitted to the Department of Economics, School of Business, University of Strathclyde in partial fulfillment of the requirement of International Trade and Policy (EC 925) for the award of M.Sc. in Applied Economics (2014/2015). November 2014.
Many countries in the world have a concerning percentage of poverty in which both food and financial sources are disturbingly limited. Most of the world’s poor have suffered from the deficits of using financial services. Because of a bad credit history or a lack of proof of employment, financial services are most often not accessible for the low income client market. In the western and developing countries, people are being eliminated by the traditional financial system based on the deficiency of guarantees of unaffordable costs to process the loan application, and the lack of data related to their credit history. These factors sometimes lead to borrowing illegally, and neglecting the regulation of lending.
Such financing instrument has gained its strategic importance as more economies view exports as a vital national objective and lead to increase in number of established ECAs and volumes of export credit transactions. During the 1990s, the annual volume of export credit provided by Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries averaged roughly $80-100 billion per annum (Maurer and Nakhood, 2003). Since then, volumes have grown, reaching a record of $514 billion in 2010 (Berne Union 2011).