Background
1. I think the paper’s citation was given instead of a posted copy so students have practice in finding academic papers using the Ryerson Library resource and for future references.
2. Due to copyright laws, permission is required for public use of copyright protected information. Therefore, Ryerson Library was granted that permission for a wider audience.
3. Plagiarism is the act of taking someone else’s words or ideas and claiming it as your own. Also, using someone else’s work without crediting the source is considered as plagiarism.
4. Plagiarism carries heavy penalties such as: receiving 0 mark on project, failing the course, suspension or expulsion.
Abstract
1. The purpose of abstract is to give a clear and concise
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Elevated CO2 increased net photosynthesis in elevated and current Tsoil. Elevated Tsoil increased net photosynthesis in elevated CO2 but decreased in ambient CO2.
5. The authors don’t cite any other works in the abstract because the abstract summarises their entire experiment and what they hypothesized and found.
6. No, it’s not a normal practice to include other studies in the abstract because abstracts give a summary of what the experiment is about and what will be concluded. Including citations will take the focus off of the author’s experiment.
7. Abstracts are generally 150-200 words.
Introduction
1. Literary review provides background information to give the reader general knowledge about the topic. This information gradually leads into specific issues that will be presented later in the introduction.
2. The authors are trying to determine how elevated Tsoil and elevated CO2 will affect the physiological responses of shade-tolerant species in light conditions. Also, how elevated CO2 and high light treatment affect physiological traits of shade-tolerant plants.
3. How does elevated Tsoil and elevated CO2 affect the physiological responses of shade-tolerant plants is the general research question of these researchers.
4. They hypothesized that net photosynthesis will increase due to elevated CO2 and elevated Tsoil.
5. In the literary review, statements that require citations include statements that
The plant would be adapted to reduced light intensities because the canopy will still be slightly shaded from the canopy but still receiving high light intensity.
Desert flora have adapted to combat extreme weather conditions. The various types of plants have micro evolved to survive in the heat, along with other environmental deficits. The physical and behavioral adaptions have allowed these plant species to flourish. It’s important to understand the plants adaptations to the climate and environment, as well as the medical uses and dangers of these plants.
How sun and shade affect the stomata density. The following questions were asked;( 1) can sun increase the stomata density? (2) Can shade increase stomata density? (3) Is it true that both shade and the sun increase stomata density? It was hypothesized that the stomata density was greater in the sun than in the shade. In this experiment, one plant species (Tsuga heterophylla) was assessed. Tsuga heterophylla is an evergreen coniferous plant.
This is because adequate carbon dioxide will react with water in the presence of light and chlorophyll to produce glucose and oxygen hence the rate of photosynthesis will be faster because of the adequate or sufficient carbon dioxide. According to Odom. A and Barrow. L (2007) sometimes photosynthesis is limited by the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, even if there is plenty of light, a cannot photosynthesise if there is not a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide. By Pankg. S and Shamindra. S (2010) Alpine plants of oxyria digyna have higher apparent photosynthesis rates at various carbon dioxide concentrations than arctic, sea level plants of the same species. Therefore it can be said that an increase in carbon dioxide will increase the rate of photosynthesis.ConclusionIn conclusion it be said the hypothesis was right by predicting that an increase in light intensity will increase the rate of photosynthesis and an increase in carbon dioxide level will speed the rate of photosynthesis. It is not only light and carbon dioxide that affect the rate of photosynthesis, but also temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis.ReferencesDowney. L , Miller. J,W. 1979. New Phytologist. Third edition. Malloy companyMolina. D , Alegrors. S.2009. Biosystem Engineering. second edition. Wiley companyOdom. A, Barrow. L. 2007. Book for School Science and Mathematics. Third edition. Person Benjamin
Similar to the way in which human beings evaluate a problem and brainstorm solutions, plants are also very astute problem solvers. Because plants are sedentary, they have to create innovative ways to live and reproduce. While plants cannot simply get up and walk away when they dislike their environments, “they change the way they grow to optimize their growth” (Clark UGS Lecture, Plant Intelligence). Plants have the ability to generate their own food source, making them self-sustaining organisms, rather than having to rely on other organisms for nutrients. One way that plants optimize their growth is through photosynthesis or growing away from shaded areas “to catch the light every time” (TED talk,
Photosynthesis is an essential process for plants to prevent enthalpy, maintain metabolism and sustain to its environment. Photosynthesis allows plants to convert carbon dioxide to organic molecules using light as a source of energy. The key elements that are required for the process of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, and light. All the components needed for photosynthesis are used in small quantities as they have adverse effects on the plant, for example, if there is too much carbon dioxide, the spores of the plant reduce in size thus affecting respiration and evaporating (Carnegie Institution, 2010).
Photosynthesis is a process undergone by autotrophic organisms as a means of obtaining energy and essential substances for the organism to function properly. This process takes place in the chloroplasts where both stages, light independent and light dependent, occur. In order for the process to happen water (H2O), radiant energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) are needed. These factors are therefore known as the limiting factors because without them the process cannot occur. Altering these factors can also have many different effects on the outcome and results of photosynthesis. Certain manipulations can result in an increase in the process of photosynthesis which in turn can increase the rate at which the autotrophic organism develops, but with a decrease in photosynthesis it could have the opposite effect. This outcome from altering one and keeping the other remaining factors constant is the basis of the research experiment that was performed in this task. The result of manipulating the limiting factors could be determined by the by-products of photosynthesis, namely oxygen and glucose. In this experiment the results were measure by the bubbles of oxygen given off by the plant.
Photosynthesis is the use of sunlight to produce energy by plants. Cytoplasm plays a major role in plant photosynthesis. This paper aim to understand the correlation between the concentrations of chloroplast and the amount of energy produced in photosynthesis. That is, do plants with less sunlight available to them tend to have more chloroplast present in their leaves?
Light and nutrients are two key factors that are crucial for plant growth and development. The types of light required by plants are wavelengths of light that are invisible to the human eye. This light is needed to induce certain responses critical to plant development and survival. For example, the change in levels of phytochrome red light and phytochrome far red light allow plants to begin flowering, germinate, break dormancy, or senescence. Each plant species has a different photoperiod that dictates when each of these types of responses will occur depending upon the members of hours of light the plants receive. Some plants are short-day plant, meaning that they require few hours of daylight and a greater number of hours of
The purpose of this study was to test the production of CO2 in Variegated plants compared to non variegated plants using leaves from the plant Aegopodium Podagraria. The hypothesis states that if the leaf is mostly white, then it will have lower rates of photosynthesis than the leaves with more green coloring. CO2 sensors were utilized in order to measure the production of CO2 of the variegated and non variegated leaves. The data, which was calculated by a two sample t test assuming equal variances, backed the hypothesis. It is concluded that leaves with less variegation will have higher photosynthetic rates than more variegated leaves.
Drought is a form of a natural abiotic stress in plants that affects plant growth and is characterized as one of the most widespread environmental stresses occurring globally (Ekmekci, Y., & Kalefetoglu T., 2005). It occurs when there is an absence of rainfall for a particular period of time. This happens when atmospheric conditions such as climate change causes extensive loss of water in soil content that damage and injure plant structure and disruption in physiology (Jaleel, C., P. Manivannan, A. Wahid, M. Farooq, R. Somasundaram and R. Panneerselvam, 2009). Drought can be considered as water deficit and desiccation (Ekmekci, Y., & Kalefetoglu T., 2005). Water deficit occur when loss of water is moderate and the stomata of the plants’ closes resulting to a limitation of gas exchange (Jaleel, C., et.al., 2009). Desiccation occur when there is an extensive loss of water that results to a disruption in the plant’s metabolism, cell structure and eventually to the termination of enzyme catalyzed reactions (Ekmekci, Y., & Kalefetoglu T., 2005). Some effects of drought in plants are as follows; decreased in cell enlargement and growth which reduces the height of plants, decline in the water content of leaves, turgor loss, altered cholorophyll (a & b) pigment concentrations and carotenoids which reduces tissue concentrations of a plant and disturbs or disrupts biochemical processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, ion uptake, translocation and nutrient metabolism (Jaleel,
In this lab, plants were experimented with in a way to test the rate at which photosynthesis occurs. Around ten chads were cut out of a leaf for each experiment. They were then put in a syringe with a solution of water, a drop of soap, and baking soda and vacuumed so as to take any air out of the plants. The plants were then placed in a cup of water and left in sunlight or under a specific plant light, timed for how long it took for them to synthesize enough oxygen to float back to the surface. The results given from the experiment are shown below.
This principle in plant biology supports this study because it involves the plant’s grow is being affected by environmental which is pollution. This study involves areas that are polluted and unpolluted and the growth of plants in each area.
The results obtained from Col-0 and Cvi-0 ecotypes concur with previous observations by Woodward & Lake (2008). In their study, the authors noted that the rate of photosynthesis in most crop varieties grown in temperate habitats, increases at 75-85%. Woodward & Lake (2008) also posited that the effects of low VPD on the rate of photosynthesis vary depending on environmental changes. In their experiment, Woodward & Lake (2008) also confirmed that 90% RH leads to reduction in stomatal aperture and subsequently, reduces photosynthetic activity in some temperate plant species. Perhaps, this explains the diminished photosynthetic activity observed among the C24 ecotypes via CFI-PAM analysis when exposed to 85% RH. Clearly, the C24 accessions
Plants respond to environmental stresses such as drought, excessive salinity and low temperature through a wide variety of biochemical and physiological adaptive changes such as the accumulation of compatible solutes and synthesis of many regulatory proteins (Wu and Garg, 2003; Gong et al., 2005). It inhibits the photosynthesis of plants by causing changes in chlorophyll contents and components, damaging photosynthetic apparatus (Gong et al., 2005), reducing the net CO2 uptake by leaves because of stomatal closure (Cornic, 2000) or by decreasing the activities of enzymes in the Calvin cycle. All these changes have negative effects on the plant growth (Monakhova and Chernyadev, 2002).