CREBBP and its significance
CyclicAMP response element binding protein (CREBBP) is a gene located on chromosome 16 at the 16p13.3 locus [2][9]. CREBBP (also known as CBP) is a regulatory protein that is essential in embryonic development, cell differentiation, control of growth, and homeostasis. It is a multi-domain protein, co-activating [10] with several dozen different transcription factors (TFs). The most significant TF encoded by CREBBP is the CREB protein itself.
CREB protein
CREB protein is a TF localized in the nucleus that increases or decreases the transcription of a downstream gene [6]. The ability of CREB to regulate the transcription of genes is primarily because of its histone acetyltransferase activity [5]. It is a particularly important protein involved in long-term memory storage, formation of spatial memory, and has therapeutic potential for
…show more content…
Out of these 31 exons, there are exons known as CREB domains that manage different TFs. Domains include: nuclear receptor interaction domain (NRID), transactivation zinc domains (TAZ1&2-cystein regions), CREB and MYB interaction domain (KIX), the bromo domain (bromo), histone acetyltransferase domain (HAT), and nuclear coactivator binding domain (NCBD), essentially in that order on the CREBBP gene sequence. Mutations can occur at any of these exons, but the most notable mutations occur at the HAT domain. This is due largely because when the protein is not acetylated the promoter site cannot be accessed by TFs [5]. This results in essential proteins for development not being produced, thus causing developmental anomalies. One such anomaly is the Rubenstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS), which is associated directly with CREBBP mutations [8]. Mutations in CREBBP are also associated with Huntington’s disease and acute myeloid leukemia, due to chromosomal
With the changes that America has done with Medicare it is effectively assisting Americans . Though there are still budget issues, medicare continues to help those in need of medical insurance that consequently cannot afford the rising cost of health care. Since we all will grow older, one day and may be left in a situation where we wouldn't be able to afford health care it is a comforting feeling to know that Medicare is something that we are able to rely on for our medical needs.
America’s open border is one of the biggest issues that faces the American society nowadays. The society is divided into two teams the first team supports opening the borders and the second team refuses opening US’s borders. Defenders see that opening US’s boarders will improve the economy and no matter what if the immigrant is low or high skilled, he will benefit the society by producing new products that will help in increasing the productivity of this country if he is high skilled or have them occupy domestic jobs to free up Americans to take high skilled jobs. On the other hand, there is a different team that supports closing boarders. The people in this team feel that opening the boarders hurt US workers and push them to compete with illegal immigrant for jobs.
How many of you heard of HIPPA? Did you understand what it means? It is a word that is thrown around when you are at the doctor’s office or hospital. HIPPA or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act was passed on August 21, 1996. This act was passed with primary purpose of making healthcare delivery and more efficient. HIPPA mandated the development of nationwide security standards and safeguard for the use of electronic health care information as well as the creation of privacy standards for protected health care information.
protein in the cell membrane. This gene disturbs the function of the chloride channels, restricting
The CDKN2A gene is responsible for a majority of melanomal families. The CDKN2A gene is responsible for 10% of families with two members that have melanoma and is responsible for 30-40% of families that have three members connected with melanoma. The linkage between the CDKN2A gene mutation and melanoma was found in 1994. (Aoude et al. 2015). The CDKN2A gene is located on chromosome 9p21. CDKN2A is used to help create two types of proteins, p16 and p14. Both of these proteins have functions that relate to regulating the cell cycle. They also function as tumor suppressants in the body. When the p16 and p14 proteins are being produced, they are transcribed on exons. An exon is a part of the gene that helps to create amino acids through coding (Exon). The process of transcription involves copying segments of DNA into RNA using enzymes. p16 and p14 are transcribed on different exons (1α and 1β) and use the same second and third exon when producing their amino acids. The amino acid created are different between the two proteins. The mutation of the CDKN2A gene occurs in the 1α exon affects the p16 protein during the transcription stage. Mutations can also occur in the 1β exon where both the p16 and p14 proteins would be affected. Affecting one
C. APPROACH: Based on our preliminary data on lncRNA changes in specific regions of the brain associated with contextual fear, we hypothesize that specific lncRNAs mediate consolidation and extinction of fear memories. To test this hypothesis, the Puthanveettil and Stackman laboratories will bring together their strong expertise in genomics, bioinformatics, noncoding RNAs, genetics, behavioral models, non-coding RNAs, bioinformatics and functional, in vivo manipulations of novel molecular players. We will employ a research strategy that starts with an unbiased, genome-wide analysis of lncRNAs and funnel down to key players, at which point mechanisms of action will be identified. First, unbiased expression analysis of lncRNAs will be carried out with contextual fear conditioning following extinction of contextual fear memory. Second, we will then carry out in vivo manipulation of specific lncRNAs in specific regions of the brain to determine necessity of the expression of specific lncRNAs in consolidation and extinction of fear memory. We anticipate that our studies will establish the functional importance of candidate lncRNAs in consolidation and extinction and provide novel insights into the novel molecular regulators and mechanisms underlying development of PTSDs. All of the genomics, bioinformatics and rodent behavior analyses will be carried out locally, at Scripps Florida and FAU, with confocal imaging experiments being performed across the street at the Max Planck
lncRNAs are noncoding RNAs that are longer than 200 nucleotides and were identified as a result of large-scale sequencing analyses of transcriptomes and genomes. An increasing number of functional studies indicate that lncRNAs act as regulators in almost every stage of gene expression, from epigenetic modifications in the nucleus to mRNA stability and translation in the cytoplasm. This regulatory potential, along with the abundance of lncRNAs, implies that lncRNAs may be part of a broad epigenetic network. Despite these functional insights, only a small number of lncRNAs have been studied in the nervous system and their contribution to consolidation and extinction of memories is entirely unknown. Because of the transcriptional and translational regulatory roles lncRNAs, elucidating their function in the brain areas implicated in emotional learning and memory may help identify novel therapeutic targets for PTSD. The central hypothesis of this proposal based on our own preliminary studies is that specific lncRNAs mediate consolidation of fear memories and their extinction. To test this hypothesis, we will employ mouse model for fear memories to identify and manipulate specific lncRNAs in vivo with the goal of
consists of ComP, the histidine kinase, and ComA, the response regulator.2 There are two known
Thank you for taking the time to read and respond to my email. I am a recruiter for Customs and Border Protection (CBP) for one of CBP’s three components under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The three components of CBP are the Office of Field Operations (OFO), US Border Patrol (USBP) and Air and Marine Operations (AMO).
I agree what you said that it takes many people from different areas to ensure the patient gets the proper care. I experienced that with my former PCP. I don’t think this PCP was trying to run the office by himself, but it looks to me that the interaction he had with the rest of the people in his practice was not that good. This fact was interfering with communication among the personnel at his office. My medical bills were denied for payment by the insurance and I even had wrong diagnosis assigned. As a result, I switched to another PCP.
The aim of this report is to give a good understanding of Hemp and how important it can be for people that have cancer or heart problems. Hemp has been around longer then Tabasco and it has no deaths under its name. The future of hemp is looking very well and it could eventually cure some cancers. Hemp can be easily grown; many suppliers grow them inside because they don’t need to live in a certain environment. In Australia the leading cause of death is Coronary heart disease, hemp can be a strong anti-biotic but the government does not agree despite the evidence. In some pleases in the world hemp is legal, country’s as Canada, Jamaica, India, Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, Uruguay and some states in the USA. The focus of this report will look
Among them the HDACs linked to cognitive impairment in AD pathology are thought to be Class 1, HDAC 2 associated with associative and spatial memory impairment.(8) Either activating HAT or inhibiting HDAC can defend histone deacetylation but latter has proven more achievable than former(15)
Zic2 is the vertebrate homologue of the Drosophila opa gene containing the zinc-finger motif for DNA binding (Aruga et al., 1996). In the mouse, the expression of Zic2 is first detected at the time of gastrulation and later becomes restricted to the dorsal roof plate of the forebrain (Nagai et al., 1997). A hypomorphic mutation of Zic2 results in a failure of roof plate induction, thus causing a mild form of HPE in the mouse (Nagai et al., 2000). However, mutations in the DNA binding and transactivation domains of Zic2 lead to a more severe form of HPE, owing to the defective development of prechordal plate formation at the time of gastrulation (Warr et al., 2008). Recent evidence suggests that Zic2 may regulate forebrain development by controlling β-catenin activity and thus affecting the Wnt signaling pathway(Pourebrahim et al., 2011). Later, Zic2 continues to express in the forebrain roof plate of mouse and chick embryos within the
I hope all is well. I have received my grades for the BCP VS COOP essay assignment and I am very disappointed in the methods in which you used to grade the essay. I am well aware that the grading rubric was used in grading the paper, however, the rubric standards and the instructions on how to write the paper simply doesn’t match. We are told to write a 4 page paper that compares and contrast BCP VS COOP using a minimum of 750 words and a maximum of 1500 words with 1.5 spaced and 1 inch margins. No disrespect, I have never written a paper that was 1500 words long and ended up with a 4 page paper, let alone using a grading rubric as such. Regardless of that fact, I am under the impression that your grading style is