1. What is the difference between "correcting" an abnormal ABG and the body "compensating" for an abnormal ABG? 2. How does the body compensate for a respiratory acidosis? 3. How does the body compensate for a respiratory alkalosis? 4. How does the body compensate for a metabolic acidosis? 5. How does the body compensate for a metabolic alkalosis?
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- Which of the following is characterized as metabolic alkalosis? a. increased pH, decreased pCO2, decreased HCO3 b. increased pH, increased pCO2, increased HCO3 c. decreased pH, decreased pCO2, decreased HCO3 d. decreased pH, increased pCO2, increased HCO3a. A 60-year-old man with a history of heavy smoking has the following lab values: pCO2 = 70 mmHg; HCO3- = 30 mmol/L; Arterial pH = 7.25 What is his primary acid base disorder? Metabolic acidosis with no evidence of compensation. Metabolic alkalosis with evidence of a secondary response. Respiratory acidosis with evidence of a secondary response. Respiratory alkalosis with no evidence of compensation. b. A 29-year-old man has been suffering with gastric vomiting for 3 days. What kinds of compensation for his acid base disorder could be occurring in this man? Increased bicarbonate excretion. Increased GFR. Increased respiratory rate. Increased secretion of titratable acids.2. If acidosis is the problem, which of the following are possible causes? elevated pCO2 depressed pCO2 elevated HCO3- depressed HCO3- 3.If alkalosis is the problem, which of the following are possible causes? elevated pCO2 depressed pCO2 elevated HCO3- depressed HCO3-
- 1. Explain the circadian rhythm and diurnal variation in the levels of serum phosphate. 2. What relationship exists between serum calcium and inorganic phosphate? 3. What are the conditions which will bring about hypophosphatemia? hyperphosphatemia?1. Define the following conditions: metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and respiratory alkalosis.1. Is the blood–brain barrier permeable to insulin? Explain. 2. Caffeine is a diuretic. What effect will drinking a lot of coffee have on the specific gravity of your urine? 3. What happens to the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin when the pH is lowered? What is the name of this effect?
- 1. How often should treatment with azathioprine be monitored with liver enzymes and a full blood count? 2. What is the most specific liver enzyme or function test for monitoring azathioprine therapy?1. What is the treatment for alkalosis and acidosis? 2. What is the common cause of metabolic alkalosis?1. What conditions are associated with respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and metabolic alkalosis?
- 1. Explain why a person with ketoacidosis may hyperventilate. What benefit might this provide? Provide your references. 2. After driving from sea level to a trail head in the high mountains, you get out of your car and feel dizzy. What do you suppose is causing your dizziness? How is this beneficial and how is this detrimental? What may eventually happen that would counteract the cause of the dizziness ? Provide your references.1. If pH is (be specific) _________ then a condition of acidosis exists; if pH is (be specific) __________ then a condition of alkalosis exists. 2. If acidosis is the problem, which of the following are possible causes? elevated pCO2 depressed pCO2 elevated HCO3- depressed HCO3- 2. If alkalosis is the problem, which of the following are possible causes? elevated pCO2 depressed pCO2 elevated HCO3- depressed HCO3-When travelling high altitude, one of the problem is alkalosis of the blood. Remember the equation for acid balance: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3− + H+ If there is a low amount of CO2 outside, then greater CO2 than normal will diffuse out of the lungs. This will cause the blood to become more basic. To counteract the problem, a drug may be taken to both lower the blood pressure and help correct the pH. To do this, it blocks a symporter of HCO3- and Na+ in the proximal tubule of the kidney. Q: How would blocking transport of HCO3- help to lower the pH of the blood?