2) Analyse the above transmission situation and describe the transmission procedure. In your description, clearly state which node starts to sense and transmit at what time and how long it would take. Start your description from 0 us in the network. Suppose the network only uses CSMA/CA without the RTS/CTS scheme.
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CSMA/CA stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance. It is a type of network protocol used in wireless networks. It is used to reduce the probability of data collisions in a network. The basic idea behind CSMA/CA is that when a device wants to transmit data, it first listens to the channel to check if it is busy. If the channel is idle, it will send the data and wait for an acknowledgment from the receiver. If the channel is busy, the device will wait until the channel is idle again and then transmit the data. Collisions are avoided by using a random back-off algorithm to decide when each device should transmit.
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- Assume a wireless network consists of an access point (denoted as X) and two wireless nodes (denoted as A and B respectively). Assume that wireless nodes A and B cannot hear each other's transmissions, but they can hear X (i.e. X can hear A and B). Suppose ● ● At time 0 µs, X is sending a packet to some other node and it completes sending this packet at time 100 µs. At time 20 µs, a packet becomes available for transmission at A. A needs 150 μs to send this packet. At time 60 µs, a packet becomes available for transmission at B. B needs 100 µs to send its packet. Let the value of the backoff timer for A be 40 µs and the value of the backoff timer for B be 60 μs. 1) Sketch the above described topology to include wireless nodes X, A, B, and their coverage. You may use tools such as Word, Paint, Visio, etc. to complete this topology.In a data communication system, several messages that arrive at a node are bundled into a packet before they are transmitted over the network. Assume that the messages arrive at the node according to a Poisson process with rate 30 messages per minute (0.5 per second). Five messages are used to form a packet.What is the mean time until a packet is formed, that is, until five messages arrive at the node?Consider two hosts, A and B that are connected by a transmissions link of2.1 Mbps. Assume that packets are of length 2.0 Kb (Kilobits) and the length of the link is 100Km. a. What is the propagation delay from A to B, that is the amount of time from when the first bit of the packet is transmitted at A, until it is received at B? b. What is the transmission time of the packet at A (the time from when the first bit of the packet is sent into the wire and the time at which the last bit is sent into the wire). c. Suppose now that that length of the link is doubled. What is the propagation delay from A to B now and what is the transmission time? d. Now suppose that node C is connected to node B also by a 2 Mbps, 100 Km link. How long does it take from when the first bit is transmitted by A to when the last bit is received at C, assuming B operates in a store-and -forward manner?
- Consider a network connecting two systems located 4000 kilometers apart. The bandwidth of the network is 500 x Mbps. The propagation speed of the media is 4 × 106 meters per second. It is needed to design a Go-Back-N sliding window protocol for this network. The average packet size is 107 bits. The network is to be used to its full capacity. Assume that processing delays at nodes are negligible. What is the minimum size in bits of the sequence number field?ngineering Computer EngineeringQ&A Library2.1 Mbps. Assume that packets are of length 2.0 Kb (Kilobits) and the length of the link is 100Km. a. What is the propagation delay from A to B, that is the amount of time from when the first bit of the packet is transmitted at A, until it is received at B? b. What is the transmission time of the packet at A (the time from when the first bit of the packet is sent into the wire and the time at which the last bit is sent into the wire). c. Suppose now that that length of the link is doubled. What is the propagation delay from A to B now and what is the transmission t 2.1 Mbps. Assume that packets are of length 2.0 Kb (Kilobits) and the length of the link is 100Km. a. What is the propagation delay from A to B, that is the amount of time from when the first bit of the packet is transmitted at A, until it is received at B? b. What is the transmission time of the packet at A (the time from when the first bit of the packet is sent into the…Skype is a well‑known VoIP system used not only for peer‑to‑peer conversations but also for audio and video conferencing involving three or more callers. Assume a video conference with a central server on Skype has N callers, and each caller generates a constant data stream at rate r bps. How many bits per second does the call initiator need to send? How many bits does each of other N‑1 callers need to send?
- Computer Networks Consider a packet of length L that begins at end system A and travels over three links to a destination end system. These three links are connected by two packet switches. Let d, s, and R denotes the length, propagation speed, and the transmission rate of link i, for i=1,2,3 . The packet switch delays each packet by d . Assuming no queuing delays, in terms of d, s , R, (i=1,2,3), and L, what is the total end-to-end delay for the packet? Suppose now the packet is 1,500 bytes, the propagation speed on all three links is the transmission rates of all three links are 2 Mbps, the packet switch processing delay is 3 msec, the length of the first link is 5,000 km, the length of the second link is 4,000 km, and the length of the last link is 1,000 km. For these values, what is the end-to-end delay? In the above problem, suppose R1=R2=R3=R and dproc=0. Further, suppose the packet switch does not store-and-forward packets but instead immediately transmits each bit it…In modern packet-switched networks, including the Internet, the source host segments long, application-layer messages (for example, an image or a music file) into smaller packets and sends the packets into the network. The receiver then reassembles the packets back into the original message. We refer to this process as message segmentation. Figure 1.27 illustrates the end-to-end transport of a message with and without message segmentation. Consider a message that is 8. 106 bits long that is to be sent from source to destination in Figure 1.27. Suppose each link in the figure is 2 Mbps. Ignore propagation, queuing, and processing delays. a. Consider sending the message from source to destination without message segmentation. How long does it take to move the message from the source host to the first packet switch? Keeping in mind that each switch uses store-and-forward packet switching, what is the total time to move the message from source host to destination host? b. Now suppose that…Computer Networks Consider a packet of length L that begins at end system A and travels over three links to a destination end system. These three links are connected by two packet switches. Let d, s, and R denotes the length, propagation speed, and the transmission rate of link i, for i=1,2,3 . The packet switch delays each packet by d . Assuming no queuing delays, in terms of d, s , R, (i=1,2,3), and L, what is the total end-to-end delay for the packet? Suppose now the packet is 1,500 bytes, and the propagation speed on all three links are 3125km/sec, 10000 km/sec, and 3333km/sec respectively. The transmission rates of all three links are 2 Mbps, the packet switch processing delay is 3 msec, the length of the first link is 5,000 km, the length of the second link is 4,000 km, and the length of the last link is 1,000 km. For these values, what is the end-to-end delay? In the above problem, suppose R1=R2=R3=R and dproc=0. Further, suppose the packet switch does not store-and-forward…
- A packet switch receives a packet and determines the outbound link to which the packet should be forwarded. When the packet arrives, one other packet is halfway done being transmitted on this outbound link and four other packets are waiting to be transmitted. Packets are transmitted in order of arrival. Suppose all packets are 1,200 bytes and the link rate is 2 Mbps. What is the queuing delay for the packet? More generally, what is the queuing delay when all packets have length L, the transmission rate is R, x bits of the currently-being-transmitted packet have been transmitted, and n packets are already in the queue?Let the two host X and Y connected via a packet switch with 107 bits per second links. Switch is placed at 50 km from X. X and Y are located at 100 Kilometer apart also the propagation speed along the link is 2 × 108 m/s. The switch begins forwarding a packet after 0.1 milliseconds it receives the packet. If 1000 bytes of File are needed to be transmitted and each packet size is 500 bytes, the time elapsed between the transmission of the first bit of data and the reception of the last bit of the data in millisecond isa. Suppose N packets arrive simultaneously to a link at which no packets are currently being transmitted or queued. Each packet is of length L and the link has transmission rate R. What is the average queuing delay for the N packets? b. Now suppose that N such packets arrive to the link every LN/R seconds. What is the average queuing delay of a packet?