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- The emission of quinine is observed to increase as the pH increases from pH 2.5 to 3.75 but is then observed to decrease at pH > 3.75. Suggest what may be happening to the molecule to account for this observation. Comment on the concentration of quinine in terms of EU limits.(i) The detection of Mn by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) is sensitive to the presence of aluminium ions Al3+ which may form refractory compounds such as MnAl2O4. Comment on the possible impact of this compound on the measurements and what action may be taken to minimize this. (ii) Write a brief note on the best practice for the preparation of a calibration curve. (iii) Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a powerful technique for the analysis of trace amounts of metals. Describe the two common atomic absorption methods used in the lab with reference to their comparative strengths and weaknesses.(5) A sample of sodium phosphate is dissolved in water to give 100.00 mL of solution (Solution A). Then this solution is diluted 5 times to give the final solution (Solution B). Solution B is Known to contain 3.920 x 1022 number of PO43- ions, which has an absorption peak at 460 nm and absorbance value of 0.355 in a 1.000 cm cuvette. (i) Calculate the molar absorptivity of Solution B. (ii) What mass of sodium phosphate (MM 163.94 g/mol) dissolved in Solution A.
- Describe the application of AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) analytical methods for gold, copper and iron ore deposit evaluation which involve surface and subsurface geochemical sampling in a tropical environment.Discuss the origins of the local, neighbouring group, and solvent contributions to the shielding constant.Assume for the following situations that Beer’s law remains linear. For (a) and (b), indicate whether the extinction coefficient ε, path length b, or concentration C is changing, and how it will change the absorbance of the solution. (a) A sample is moved from a test tube that is 1.0 cm wide to a test tube that is 1.5 cm wide. 4 (b) A sample is diluted by adding enough solvent to double its volume. (c) A solution of iron (III) chloride appears brown when in high enough concentrations. In a 1.0 cm cuvet, the absorbance of 334 nm light by a 5.4 × 10−4 M solution of FeCl3 is measured to be 1.05. What is the extinction coefficient of the FeCl3 complex at this wavelength?
- Assume for the following situations that Beer’s law remains linear. For (a) and (b), indicate whether the extinction coefficient ε, path length b, or concentration C is changing, and how it will change the absorbance of the solution. (a) A sample is moved from a test tube that is 1.0cm wide to a test tube that is 1.5cm wide. (b) A sample is diluted by adding enough solvent to double its volume. (c) A solution of iron (III) chloride appears brown when in high enough concentrations. In a 1.0 cm cuvet, the absorbance of 334 nm light by a 5.4 × 10−4 M solution of FeCl3 is measured to be 1.05. What is the extinction coefficient of the FeCl3 complex at this wavelength? (d) A sample containing an unknown concentration of FeCl3 is measured to have an ab- sorbance of 0.43 at 334 nm in a 1.0 cm cuvet. What is the molar concentration of the solution?Calculate the energy separations in joules, kilojoules per mole, and electronvolts, and as a wavenumber, between the levels (a) n = 3 and n = 1, (b) n = 7 and n = 6 of an electron in a one-dimensional nanoparticle modelled by a box of length 1.5 nm.Estimate the dipole moment of (a) an HF molecule. (b) an HCI molecule. and (c) an HBr molecule from the electronegativities of the elements. Express your answers in debye and coulomb-metres.
- (a) What is a kinetic isotope effect? (b) Do compounds ofhydrogen exhibit a relatively large or small kinetic isotope ef-fect? Explain. (c) Carbon compounds also exhibit a kinetic iso-tope effect. How do you expect it to compare in magnitude with that for hydrogen compounds? Why?Explain how to obtain larger particles based on the relative supersaturationDiscuss how X-rays suitable for macromolecular studies are generated “in-house”. What are the advantages of using synchrotron radiation for macromolecular studies?