2. Using the labels (numbers and letters), identify the following concepts of relatedness in the cladogram shown below: plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, synapomorphy, autapomorphy, basal taxa, and derived taxa. B D 8 3 1
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- 2. Using the labels (numbers and letters), identify the following concepts of relatedness in the cladogram shown below: plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, synapomorphy. - B D Plesiomorphy: Symplesiomorphy: Synapomorphy:6) Provide an example of a well known group (taxonomic) name that has been rendered non-monophyletic via phylogenetic classification methods. You may find it useful to include a tree in your answer.2. Using the labels (numbers and letters), identify the following concepts of relatedness in the cladogram shown below: autapomorphy, basal taxa, and derived taxa. B D 5 1 Autapomorphy: Basal taxa: Derived taxa:
- Describe the orders Lamiales, Solanales, Apiales and Give the characteristics based on the characters given in the first column of Table 1. Table 1. Key characteristics of the orders Lamiales, Solanales, Apiales and Asterales. Character Lamiales Solanales Apiales Asterales 1. Plant habit 2. Plant type (monoecious, or dioecious, etc.) 3. Leaf type 4. Leaf shape 5. Flower characteristic 6. Fruit morphology 7. Seed size/shape 8. Special seed characteristic (if any) 9. Other characteristics (aromatic, etc.)On a phylogenetic tree, which term refers to lineages that diverged from the same place? sister taxa basal taxa rooted taxa dichotomous taxa7. In the binomial naming system, scientific names are written in italics, with the first word capitalized and the second not capitalized. The scientific name of a type of fungus beetle is therefore written as Gelae donut (pronounced "jelly donut," seriously!). Which level of the classification system does each word of that scientific name represent? (note: this is NOT a multiple-choice question...) a. Gelae = b. donut =
- 6. Within what is traditionally known as 'Class Reptilia', there is more than one violation of the cladistic rule of monophyly regarding the assignment of taxonomic names. Identify two non-monophyletic groups, explain why they are not monophyletic, and how might we resolve the taxonomy based on the current phylogeny?Below are phylogenetic trees depicting the relationships among four species, A, B, C, and D. Which of the following statements is correct? ABCD ADCB DCBA D CAB (1) (2) (3) (4) Tree (1) and Tree (2) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (4) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (3) are the same tree. All four trees are in fact the same tree. All four trees are in fact different trees.3. Which of the following phylogenies is different from the other three? B DECGA F a F F d B' FAG CEDB One additional concept that will likely be unfamiliar to many of you is that of crown vs. stem groups. As their names imply, crown groups are clustered toward the tips of a phylogeny, while stem groups are clustered toward the bottom of a phylogeny. This is a general pattern and not a fixed and precise rule, however, as both extinct and extant groups can be part of the "crown" group. The deciding factor that determines the delineations of a crown vs. stem group is whether the synapomorphies that define the group under examination are present. For example, you could have a whole cluster of mammals, some of which are extinct, but all of which show all of the characteristics currently used to define mammals. In this case, any extinct groups that show all mammalian features would be classed as crown mammals. In contrast, any extinct groups that branch off on the way to mammals, but did…
- 2. A В CDE FG H (a) In the phylogeny above, which of the following groups are monophyletic? (1) A, B, C, and 1 (ii) A, B, C, 1, and 2 (iii) D, G, H, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (iv) E, F, and 3 (v) A, B, C, and 7 (b) For each group above that you did not select, please indicate whether the group is paraphyletic or polyphyletic. (c) Which numbered node corresponds to the most recent common ancestor of B and H?10. Refer to the figure shown. Species Stripe Color 1 2 3 B. C R The figure shows the phylogeny of seven species of beetles (A-G) and whether the beetles have (?) or do not have (x×) one of three stripes. It also indicates the color of the beetle (R for red and G for green). Based on the phylogenetic tree and the principle of parsimony, the absence of stripe in species is most likely O 1; E and F; an evolutionary reversal O 2; E and F; due to convergent evolution O 2; E and F; a synapomorphy O 1; E and F; a synapomorphy O 1; E andF; due to convergent evolution4 6. 8. 9. 10 11 12 13 14 15 Using the phylogeny to the below, identify the most accurate statement. A C G J K O a. A trait unique to species G is best described as a plesiomorphy among all taxa. O b.A trait in common between species E, F, and G would make them a monophyletic group. Oc. A trait unique to species K and L is best described as an apomorphy among all taxa. Od. Species A and B are considered sister taxa.
