3. An electric immersion heater, 10 mm in diameter and 300 mm long, is rated at 550 W. The emissivity of the heater is ε = 0.85. a) If the heater is horizontally positioned in a large tank of water at 20°C, estimate its surface temperature. b) If the heater is accidentally operated in air at 20°C, estimate the surface temperature. Hint: Radiation heat transfer can be neglected in liquids, but not in gases like air.
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- An underwater sonar that maps the ocean bathymetry is encapsulated in a sphere with a diameter of 85 mm. During operation, the sonar generates heat at a rate of 300W. What is the sonar surface temperature when it’s located in a water column where the temperature is 15o C and the water current is 1 m/sec? The sonar was pulled out of the water without turning it off, thus, it was still working. The air temperature was 15o C and the air speed was 3 m/sec. What was the sonar surface temperature? Was there any reason for concern?Two engines have cylinders which are geometrically the same in size and shape. The cylinders of engine A are surrounded with a normal water jacket filled with a water-ethylene glycol solution. The cylinders of engine B are insulated, making this an adiabatic engine. Other than temperatures, the engines are operated with the same steady-state conditions (as much as possible). (a) Which engine has higher volumetric efficiency? Why? (b) Which engine has higher thermal efficiency? Why? (c) Which engine has hotter exhaust? Why? (d) Which engine would be more difficult to lubricate? Why? (e) Which engine would be a better SI engine? Why?The fan circulates the warm air on the inside of the windshield to stop condensation of water vapor and allow for maximum visibility during wintertime (see images). You have been provided with some info. and are asked to pick from the bottom table, the right model number(s) that will satisfy the requirement.Your car is equipped with a fan blower setting that allow you to choose between speeds 0, 1, 2 and 3. Variation of the convection heat transfer coefficient is dependent upon multiple factors, including the size and theblower configuration.following image shows the parameters
- 2. A steam line is covered with two successive layers of insulation. The 1.6 in thick layer in contact with the pipe is asbestos which is covered with a 1.4 inch thickness of magnesia insulation. The internal pipe diameter is 3 in, the pipewall thickness is 0.40 in made from common brick. The steam temperature is 850ºF, and the internal surface film coefficient is 50 Btu/hr.ft².F, while the ambient outer temperature is 105°F and the outer surface film coefficient is 3.0 Btu/hr.ft².F. Calculate the following: a. value of U based upon the external area of the magnesia covering, Btu/hr.ft2.F b. heat loss from the steam for a length of 190 feet of pipe, Btu/hrA brass plate has a circular hole whose diameter is slightly smaller than the diameter of an aluminum ball. Ifthe ball and the plate are always kept at the same temperature,(a) should the temperature of the system be increased or decreasedin order for the ball to fit through the hole? (b) Choose the bestexplanation from among the following:I. The aluminum ball changes its diameter more with temperature than the brass plate, and therefore the temperatureshould be decreased.II. Changing the temperature won’t change the fact that the ballis larger than the hole.III. Heating the brass plate makes its hole larger, and that willallow the ball to pass through.pnts) Chips of width L _ 15 mm on a side are mounted to a substrate that is installed in an enclosure whose walls and air are maintained at a temperature of Tsur=T∞=25oC. The chips have an emissivity of ε=0.60 and a maximum allowable temperature of Ts=85oC. (a) If heat is rejected from the chips by radiation and natural convection, what is the maximum operating power of each chip? The convection coefficient may be approximated as h=11.7 W/m2K. (b) If a fan is used to maintain airflow through the enclosure and heat transfer is by only forced convection, with h=250 W/m2K, what is the maximum operating power?
- 2. A heater is a thin vertical panel 1.0m long and 0.7m high and is used in a warehouse to keep workers warm. The heater has air circulating on each side. Assume the maximum temperature of the panel is 60°C (already above the board line that is safe for human hands to touch briefly without getting hurt). Assume the room air temperature is 18°C but the warehouse wall temperature is 5°C. Model the surface with an emittance of 0.9 and Vair = 1.57x105 m²/s. a. Determine the maximum power rating for the heater. b. Now if you run the heat by standing on its side (it will be 1.0 m high and 0.7 m long), determine the surface temperature. c. Compare case a and b and explain any differences you see.Provide the answers with clear explantion and images. Coolant flowing through a radiator at the rate of 3 kg/s are cooled from 105 0C to 81 0 The specific heat capacity of coolant and air are 4.19 kJ/kg K and 1.13 kJ/kJ/K respectively. Th overall heat transfer coefficient from gas to water is 140 W/m2 K. Calculate the surface area required for the radiation if the vehicle speed is 100 km/h. Consider the density of air as 1.225 kg/m3.1. A composite furnace wall is made up of a 12-in. lining of magnesite refractory brick, a 5-in.thickness of 85% magnesia, and a steel casing 0.10-in. thick. Flue gas temperature is 2200 F andthe boiler room is at 80 F. Gas side film coefficient is 15 Btu/hr-sq.ft-F and air side is 4.0.Determine:a. The thermal current Q/Ab. Interface temperaturesc. Effect on thermal current and inside refractory wall temperature if the magnesia insulation weredoubled.