3. Sympatric speciation, in which the ancestral and descendant populations occupy exactly the san geographic area, with potential for hybridization between them, was first demonstrated (for anima A. in the evolution of the polar bear Ursus arctos maritimus from the Kamchatka brown bear B. in the evolution of several Hawaiian honeycreepers from a single Asian migratory species C. in the evolution of metal-tolerant Anthoxanthum odoratum from metal-sensitive ancestors D. in the evolution of 13 Galapagos finches from a single South American migratory species E. in the evolution of the apple-maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella from hawthorn fruit flies

3. Sympatric speciation, in which the ancestral and descendant populations occupy exactly the san geographic area, with potential for hybridization between them, was first demonstrated (for anima A. in the evolution of the polar bear Ursus arctos maritimus from the Kamchatka brown bear B. in the evolution of several Hawaiian honeycreepers from a single Asian migratory species C. in the evolution of metal-tolerant Anthoxanthum odoratum from metal-sensitive ancestors D. in the evolution of 13 Galapagos finches from a single South American migratory species E. in the evolution of the apple-maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella from hawthorn fruit flies

Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781337392938

Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Publisher:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Chapter20: Speciation And Macroevolution

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4TYU: The first step leading to allopatric speciation is (a) hybrid inviability (b) hybrid breakdown (c)...

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1. Anagenesis (non-branching speciation), in which the ancestral and descendant populations do not co- exist in time, but might have occupied the same geographic area, is thought to have occurred in the case: A. of the evolution of several Hawaiian honeycreepers from a single Asian migratory species B. of the evolution of the polar bear Ursus arctos maritimus from the brown bear in Kamchatka C. of the evolution of 13 Galapagos finches from a single South American migratory species D. of the evolution of the proto-horse Merychippus from the near-horse Parahippus on prairies E. of the evolution of the arctic fox from the swift fox in tundra regions of North America
5. Darwin's finches evolved into many separate species on the Galapagos Islands, with the Pacific Ocean as a barrier to their interbreeding. Since the Pacific Ocean was a barrier between these islands before the ancestral finch first arrived, this represents which of the following pre-zygotic barriers? A. allopatric isolation by means of vicariance B. gamete isolation C. mechanical isolation D. habitat isolation E. allopatric isolation by means of dispersal
4. Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon’swarbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have beenclassified as eastern and western forms of a single species,the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following piecesof evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification?(A) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and theiroffspring survive and reproduce well.(B) The two forms live in similar habitats and have similar foodrequirements.(C) The two forms have many genes in common.(D) The two forms are very similar in appearance.
1. The North American garter snake (7hamnophis) has a number of sympatric populations that can be either terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial populations generally do not interbreed with aquatic populations, despite living in sympatry, because they are most likely separated by which pre-zygotic barrier? A. allopatric isolation by means of vicariance B. gamete isolation C, mechanical isolation D. habitat isolation E. allopatric isolation by means of dispersal 2. Male dragonflies of one species are unable to grasp the abdomen of female dragonflies of a different species securely enough to mate, due to poor alignment of the four wings on each insect. This type of interference during mating attempts between different dragonfly species is: A. an example of a pre-zygotic barrier due to behavioral isolation B. an example of a pre-zygotic barrier due to gamete isolation C. an example of a pre-zygotic barrier due to mechanical isolation D. an example of a pre-zygotic barrier due to habitat…
4. When Asian rosefinches first arrived in the Hawaiian Islands (about 4.0 million years ago), they diversified into a number of different species on different islands. Since the Pacific Ocean was a barrier between these islands before the ancestral species first arrived, this represents which pre-zygotic barrier? A. allopatric isolation by means of vicariance B. gamete isolation C. mechanical isolation D. habitat isolation E. allopatric isolation by means of dispersal
1. The North American garter snake (7Thamnophis) has a number of sympatric populations that can be either terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial populations generally do not interbreed with aquatic populations, despite living in sympatry, because they are most likely separated by which pre-zygotic barrier? A. allopatric isolation by means of vicariance B. gamete isolation C. mechanical isolation D. habitat isolation E. allopatric isolation by means of dispersal
1. The North American garter snake (Thamnophis) has a number of sympatric populations that can be either terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial populations generally do not interbreed with aquatic populations, despite living in sympatry, because they are most likely separated by which pre-zygotic barrier? A. allopatric isolation by means of vicariance B. gamete isolation C. mechanical isolation D. habitat isolation E. allopatric isolation by means of dispersal
10. The herbivorous Japanese ladybird beetle Henosepilachna yasutomii (which feeds on blue cohosh), and the sympatric beetle Henosepilachna nipponica (which feeds on thistles), do not ordinarily interbreed because they are reproductively isolated by which pre-zygotic barrier? A. mechanical isolation B. allopatric isolation by means of vicariance C. habitat isolation D. allopatric isolation by means of dispersal E. gamete isolation
2. The origin of several new species of new world monkeys (in South America), from ancestral species of old world monkeys (in Africa), by "rafting" across the Atlantic Ocean, illustrates: A. the extinction of old species by continental separation (about 34 million years ago) B. the origin of new species by continental separation (about 34 million years ago) C. the extinction of old species by continental joining (about 34 million years ago) D. the origin of new species by continental joining (about 34 million years ago) E. all of the above
20. Savanna giraffes are thought to have evolved from okapi-like ancestors as the climate became more arid in Africa (20 MYA). Since savanna giraffes and okapis occupied different geographic areas and habitats then, as they do today (grassland for giraffes, mountain forest for okapis), they represent: A. one of the best examples of speciation by cladogenesis due to stabilizing selection B. one of the best examples of speciation by anagenesis due to directional selection C. one of the best examples of sympatric speciation due to stabilizing selection D. one of the best examples of speciation by anagenesis due to stabilizing selection E. one of the best examples of speciation by cladogenesis due to disruptive selection
1. In island radiations we often see the following pattern: similar forms found in different species living in similar habitats on different islands. This pattern raises the question: did the form evolve once on a single island in a single species and then spread to multiple islands by dispersal (let’s call this the “dispersal model”)? Or did a single species first disperse to different islands, then ecologically adapt to the many different environments on each (let’s call this the “convergence model”)? A phylogeny can help us identify which of these processes is at play. Considering the three traits shown on this tree, which model appears to have more support: the dispersal model or the convergence model? Explain how you arrived at this conclusion.
2. Jeąn-Baptiste Lamarck's explanation for the evolution of long-necked giraffes from shorter- neckêd okapi-like ancestors on a savanna would include all of the following features except: A. over time, inheritance of acquired characteristics in okapis would lead to savanna giraffes B. once an okapi had acquired a longer neck, it could pass on this new trait to its offspring C. okapis in a savanna habitat found it advantageous to stretch their necks for treetop leaves D. each individual okapi could increase its neck-length by deliberate, consistent exercise E. only those okapis with favorable traits (long necks) could be ancestral to savanna giraffes