4. Shown here is a regulation of a gene a) Is this a prokaryotic or eukaryotic gene? Explain in short b) Which of proteins A, B, or C is likely to have a DNA binding domain? c) Which of proteins A, B, or C is likely to have a transactivation domain?
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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
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- 19. In eukaryotic gene expression, non-coding RNAS such as miRNA (microRNA) have an important role in gene regulation. That role is to ... A) bind to target mRNA to prevent translation B) bind to target mRNA to prevent transcription C) block RNA polymerase from reaching the promoter D) increase levels of chromatin packing1. (a) By binding one L-tryptophan molecule/monomer, the trp repressor binds to DNA to sup- press synthesis of L-tryptophan in E. coli. Below is the amino acid sequence of the helix - reverse turn - helix region of the trp repressor that binds to DNA compared to the sequence of the corresponding DNA binding motif of the Prl protein. A diagram of the trp repressor dimer is also shown. Trp Prl Trp Prl 80 -Gly-Glu-Met-Ser-Gln-Arg-Glu-Leu-Lys-Asn-Glu-Leu-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ile- -Ser-Glu-Glu-Ala-Lys-Glu-Glu-Leu-Ala-Lys-Lys-Cys-Gly-Ile-Thr-Val- trp helix 5 70 trp helix 4 Prl helix 80 Prl helix Ala-Thr-Ile-Thr-Arg-Gly-Ser-Asn-Ser-Leu-Lys-Ala-Ala- Ser-Gln-Val-Ser-Asn-Trp-Phe-Gly-Asn-Lys-Arg-Ile-Arg- reverse turn 90 Comparing the two protein sequences above, identify all amino acid pairs that differ in electrostatic charge due to proton dissociable groups (assume pH 7). Indicate the charge of both residues for each such pair. (b) Circle the pair of residues for which the electrostatic charge due to…1. true or false a) Capping is the process of adding poly-guanido methyl in the mRNA. (true/false) b) In a nucleosome (histone-DNA structure), the histone is highly positively charged. (true/false) c) The presence of lactose in E.coli triggers the transcription of Lactose Operon.
- a) State the functions of the subunits of RNA polymerase and describe transcription initiation. b)Draw a diagram to illustrate the lac operon and explain how it functions in the presence of, i) glucose and ii) lactose in the culture mediumMatch the following terms related to transcription in eukaryotes (you may use terms more than once or not at all) A) RNA Polymerase I, B) RNA Polymerase II, C) RNA Polymerase III, D) All 3 RNA Polymerases E) None of the above 1. Driven only by downstream promoter elements __________ 2. Promoter contains TATA box __________ 3. rRNA __________ 4. tRNA __________ 5. mRNA __________ 6. snRNA __________ 7. A second class of promoters contains CAAT box 100-200 nucleotides from the start site of transcription __________ 8. Synthesize RNA 5’ to 3’ __________ 9. Synthesizes RNA 3’ to 5’ __________ 10. Very sensitive to α-amanitin __________16. During early life many infants receive milk from the mother. One of the major components of milk is lactose. a) Consider the Lac operon in E. coli, and state what the expression of Lac Y would be in I) E. coli WT (wild type, everything is functional) and II) E. coli whose lacl gene has been delet- ed, when each of the 2 strains are growing in culture flasks that contain high glucose and high lactose. Hint: choose among 'high expression; low expression; no expression'for I) and II). 1) II) b) In the graph below, draw the expression of LacY over time in strains I and II, when each of the 2 strains are growing in culture flasks that contain high glucose and high lactose, as shown in part a). Hint: you can draw the curves on a piece of paper and copy and paste a picture of it, if it is difficult to draw the graph directly here. If you do so and you have a Mac, make sure to convert your exam into PDF by doing "Print > Save as PDF"; do not “Export as PDF". time (min) Make sure to label…
- Using the transcription unit diagrammed below, in which exons are represented by blue boxes and introns are represented by the connecting lines. You discover a single base deletion in region E of this DNA sequence. Regarding transcription, this mutation will likely: 1.) Result in an alteration to the mRNA sequence. 2.)Have no effect on transcription or the mRNA sequence 3.)Prevent transcription at the TATAA box 4.) Result in an increase or decrease in the amount of mRNA transcribed1. Certain proteins that stimulate expression of a gene bind to DNA in a sequence specific manner and also induce conformational changes in the DNA. Describe the purpose of thses two modes of interaction with the DNA. 2. Draw the structures of the amino acid side chains that correspond to the following histone modification: a) acetylation of lysine; b) phosphorylation of serine; c) phosphorylation of histidine. How do thses modifications change the character of their respective side chain?Regarding the process of gene transcription in eukaryotes, it is correct to state that A)The transcription process is terminated when the RNA polymerase complex reaches the final region of the gene with the poly-adenylation signal. B)The RNA polymerase II transcription elongation complex contains transcription factors such as the TATA box binding protein C)The opening of the region of DNA that will be transcribed is done by the DNA helicase, present in the transcription complex. D)The main function of the Mediator coactivator is to promote the transition between elongation and completion of the transcription process. E)Different activators and repressors can influence the transcriptional elongation complex by binding to the promoter regions of genes
- 7) Which of the following needs to occur for transcription to take place in prokaryotes? A) The RNA polymerase must recognize the promotor sites that typically occur upstream of the start of transcription at approximately -35 and -10 base pairs. B) The sigma factor protein must be absent for RNA polymerase to bind to the promotor site. C) An enhancer site must be activated upstream of the promotor site. D) Molecules outside the nucleus must trigger transcription factors located on the DNA. X X X XX Homologous chromosomes can line up in two ways during metaphase of mesosial 1000 8) The image above demonstrates A) linked genes X B) the principle of independent assortment C) the central dogma of molecular biology D) the law of dominance XX X 9) Which of the following statements is true? A) A recessive trait will never be the most common phenotype in a population, regardless of environment. CB Dominant traits are always the most common phenotype in a population, regardless of environment.…a) what is a promoter and give the element and their functions of E.coli promoter b) what are eukaryotic transcription factor and list the class 2 general transcription factors and state their functions(c) By binding one L-tryptophan molecule/monomer, the trp repressor binds to DNA to suppress syn- thesis of L-tryptophan in E. coli. Below is the amino acid sequence of the helix – (reverse) turn – helix region of the trp repressor that binds to DNA compared to the sequence of the corresponding DNA binding motif of the Prl protein, a different type of repressor protein. A diagram of the trp repressor dimer is also shown. reverse turn trp helix 4 70 Trp -Gly-Glu-Met-Ser-Gln-Arg-Glu-Leu-Lys-Asn-Glu-Leu-Gly-Ala-Gly- Ile- Prl -Ser-Glu-Glu-Ala-Lys-Glu-Glu-Leu-Ala-Lys-Lys-Cys-Gly-Ile-Thr- Val- Pri heilix trp helix 5 80 90 Trp Ala-Thr-Ile-Thr-Arg-Gly-Ser sgn-Ser-Leu-Lys-Ala-Ala- Prl Ser-Gln-Val-Ser-Asn-Trp-Phe-Gly-Asn-Lys-Arg-Ile-Arg- Prl helix