4. What are the main products of glycolysis?
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- 2. How does the fatty acids concentration changes in the blood during prolonged fasting? To answer the question: a) name the hormone which manages metabolism in this condition; b) draw the scheme of this hormone action on the adipose tissue; 352 Chapter 7. Lipid metabolism c) draw the scheme of the main metabolic pathway providing energy for the liver during prolonged fasting.1. Explain what is the relationship between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? 2. What activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis? Discuss.9. Which of the following enzymes CANNOT be found in the skeletal muscle? A. Glucose-6-phosphatase B. Glycogen synthase C. Glycogen phosphorylase D. Adenylyl cyclase E. Hexokinase 10. Which of the following processes do NOT produce CO2? (1) Fatty acid synthesis (2) Oxidative deamination (3) Preparatory phase of glycolysis (4) Pentose phosphate pathway A. (1) and (2) only B. (2) and (3) only C. (2) and (4) only D. (1), (3) and (4) only E. (1), (2), (3) and (4) 11. is an intermediate metabolite linkage between carbohydrate and fat metabolism. A. Malate B. Citrate C. Acetyl-CoA D. Aspartate E. a-ketoglutarate 12. transfers carnitine from mitochondrial matrix to cytoplasm during the transport of fatty acid to mitochondria. A. Carnitine acyltransferase I B. Carnitine acyltransferase II C. Transaminase D. Translocase E. Citric acid shuttle 13. Which of the following reactions/ pathways does NOT produce NADH? A. Payoff phase of glycolysis B. Oxidative deamination of glutamine C. B-oxidation…
- 7. Which of the following statements regarding the regulation of glycogen metabolism is false? A. Glycogen synthase activity is dictated by its phosphorylation status. B. Glycogen phosphorylase is inhibited by ATP. C. Adrenaline stimulates glycogen breakdown. D. Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by AMP and glucose-6-phosphate. E. Glucagon signals that concentrations of blood glucose are low and leads to breakdown of glycogen.26. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Insulin can activate pyruvate carboxylase B. More energy in the form of ATP is required to synthesize glucose from pyruvate than can be obtained from glucose by glycolysis alone C. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a modulator that can stimulate either glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, depending on cellular glucose concentration D. All of the above1. Insulin.....a. Carries glucose into the muscle cellb. signals the muscle cell to take up glucose c. signals the synthesis of glucose in the liver d. carries lactate from the muscle to the liver 2.In the fasting, state, the Liver helps maintain a normal level of blood glucose by: a. Making ketones and storing them for later.b. stopping glycolysis and using alternative fuels for energyc. speeding up glycolysis because it needs energy to make glucose d. Beginning glycogenesis to build up glucose storage
- 3. After 12 days of starvation, a man reduced his weight by 4 kg. The doctor prescribed him biochemical blood test to analyze the level of lipids in serum blood. The results showed an elevated level of free fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Explain the results of the biochemical blood test. For that: a) name the main hormone which manages metabolism during starvation; b) draw the scheme of this hormone action on the adipose tissue; c) name the possible pathways of fatty acids usage in the liver during starvation and write down the proper schemes.16. Both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are controlled by the level of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in response to hormones. true or false?2. A person performs intense exercise (for example, runs away from danger) 30 minutes after a carbohydrate-rich lunch. Why does the glycogen synthesis stop in skeletal muscles in this situation? Why is glycogen breakdown stimulated? To answer the questions: a) write a diagram of glycogen synthesis, specify the reactions associated with energy consumption when a glucose molecule is included in a growing glycogen chain; b) write the glycogen mobilization diagram and calculate the ATP amount that can be produced if glucose 1-phosphate is further oxidized to CO, and H,O in the muscles; c) indicate the hormone with an increased level in blood under stress situations, and how this hormone affects the activity of regulatory enzymes of glycogen synthesis and breakdown.
- 12. Describe glycogen metabolism along with its regulation.4. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycogenolysis in the liver: a/low blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/ secretion of glucagon 5. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycogenesis in the liver: a/low blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/ secretion of glucagon 6. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidneys: a/ high blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/ secretion of glucagon - 7. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycolysis: a/ high blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/secretion of glucagon I11. adipokines with osteoblast activity are in which type of adipose tissue? A-beige adipose tissue B-white adipose tissue C- bone marrow adipose tissue D-Brown adipose tissue
