5. State whether the following statements are True or False, If False, explain why 5.1 Oxaloacetate is formed by the oxidation of L-malate 5.2 An overstimulation of the citric acid cycle will cause an overproduction of oxygen 5.3 The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of prokaryotes and eukaryotic 5.4 NADH and ADP are high energy electron carriers which can be utilised in the electron transport chain
Q: Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____ and used short-term to perform work from a(n)…
A: A molecule is defined in chemistry as a grouping of distinct atoms. Water molecules (H2O) and carbon…
Q: Which of the following is true under the following conditions: an enzyme displaying Michaelis-Menten…
A: Enzymes are protein molecules that increase the rate of reaction by million times. Enzymes do not…
Q: of the gluconeogenesis wing is not true? A. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and…
A: Glycolysis - is a process in which one mole of glucose is partially oxidized into two moles of…
Q: Nomenclature of vitamins (empirical, biochemical, medical).
A: Vitamins are organic nutrients which can not be synthesized in the body, hence, need to be supplied…
Q: 1. What two enzymes in glycolysis are regulated by high ATP concentrations?
A: INTRODUCTION : Glycolysis : It is a metabolic pathway in which glucose is breaken down into pyruvate…
Q: Fill in the blanks: In the peptide, LASALLEDASMA, (Write the full name of the amino acids) has the…
A: The amino acid composition of the given peptide is as follows:…
Q: For the tetrapeptide KASE: a. Draw its complete protonic equilibria. Indicate the net charge of each…
A: Proteins are composed of amino acids, which are bound together by peptide linkage. Amino acids…
Q: 10. CH OH HO -0-3 OH C I II. Cд H_Os 12. С 8 Hile O_ 13. СА Н 14. C Hio Os 15. C_H_D- 16. C_H 1 20 -…
A: Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy organic compounds with a general formula of (CH2O)x. Carbohydrates can…
Q: If we were handed a tube of 2mg/mL BSA how much is required 20μL of each of the following…
A: Different concentrations of protein solutions are needed to be prepared during biochemical…
Q: vo (μM/min) 25 20 15 10 5 0 7 VO (μM/min) VS pH 8 pH 9.5 10.4
A: Enzymes are the catalysts that function to increase the rate of reaction by decreasing their…
Q: Draw the Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA pathway, then identify and label the different types…
A: Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA occurs by enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, It occurs by oxidative…
Q: Question 10 of 11 A pentapeptide has the abbreviation "GREAT". Draw the peptide and give its…
A: Peptides are small sequences of amino acids. The individual amino acids in a peptide are joined…
Q: Calculate the pI for the following peptide: Phe-Lys-Glu-Asp-Lys-Ser-Ala (note: there is only one…
A: Amino acid sequences are written with N-terminal amino acid on the left and C-terminal amino acid on…
Q: Conversion of disaccharides to monosaccharides are associated with: O stomach O intestinal mucosa…
A: Chemically carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They have the general formula :…
Q: Draw the Gluconeogenesis pathway (pyruvate to glucose) and identify the different types of organic…
A: Introduction: The term gluconeogenesis refers to the production of glucose or glycogen from…
Q: What are the similarities and differences of intermolecular interactions that stabilize secondary…
A: As per the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA contains the code that is necessary for the…
Q: Due to the change from glutamate to valine in the beta-globin chain, HbS is bigger in mass than HbA.…
A: Sickle cell anemia is caused due to substitution of Valine in place of Glutamate due to a point…
Q: Which of the following is NOT a naturally-occurring amino acid? A) B) C) D) H₂NCH-COO CH3 H₂NCH-COO…
A: The proteins are composed of twenty naturally occurring amino acids. These amino acids are alpha…
Q: Question 21 of 25 What are Gram-negative bacteria? Select the correct response(s): They have a cell…
A:
Q: Draw the Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA pathway and identify the different types of organic…
A: Pyruvate is formed from glucose during glycolysis. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA takes place…
Q: What is anaerobic oxidation?
A: The energy stored in food is released by a catabolic process that involves redox reaction. These…
Q: need help to 1)hand draw the dipeptides that contains Glutamic acid and Proline. 2)hand draw the…
A: Amino acids are biomolecules that have an amino group, a carboxyl group and a side group attached to…
Q: How can a noncompetitive inhibitor affect enzyme activity without binding to the active site? a. It…
A: The substance that decreases the activity of enzyme is called enzyme inhibitor. There are two types:…
Q: Bacteriophage T7 encodes its own DNA polymerase, gp5, which has both polymerase activity and…
A: In the given graphs, the polymerase activity and exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase, gp5 is…
Q: a) A plasmid DNA in bacteria has a length of 14,000 bp and an Lk of 1300. Calculate the superhelical…
A: The linking number of DNA describes the topology of a double-stranded DNA. It is the number of times…
Q: 1. What is the sequence of the heptapeptide produced upon treatment with trypsin? Fill each blank…
A: Specific enzymes have specific cleavage point in amino acids. Chymotrypsin is serine…
Q: Explain how important is biochemistry to you as a nursing student, and how can it help you?
A: The study of the makeup and operation of biological molecules such nucleic acids, proteins, and…
Q: HO 0 0 NH₂ НО.
A: The fundamental building blocks of proteins are called amino acids, which are made up of one…
Q: what is the concetration of a lysozyme solution with an absorbance of 0.720 measured at 280 nm(…
A: Measuring the concentration of a substance in solution on the basis of its absorbance forms the…
Q: Lable out the main difference of Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quatrenary protein structure in…
A: As per the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA contains the code that is necessary for the…
Q: Is the BSA a good stadard to use in the bradford assay?
A: Introduction Proteins are the most abundant macromolecule present in our body. Proteins are made up…
Q: Consider the structure of the tripeptide below. H H₂N-C-C- 0=6 CH₂ CH₂ C=0 1 NH₂ pH 5: O pH 10: H O…
A: The given peptide has three amino acids joined by the peptide bond. There are three ionizable groups…
Q: 384 Structure and Function of Hemoglobin Q4.4- In addition to O2, another diatomic molecule that…
A: Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and stable oxide of carbon. Its molecular…
Q: referred to feedback inhibition as “Goldilocks regulation”. Describe how feedback inhibition keeps…
A: Biochemical pathways and reactions are occurring constantly in cells. These pathways convert the…
Q: 1. Under what circumstances in the cell would the entire pentose phosphate pathway be carried out…
A: In animal tissues, glucose has two possible fates: be oxidised into carbon dioxide and water by…
Q: Drug X shown below is a kinase inhibitor used to treat multiple types of breast cancer. Breast…
A: As given in the question, Drug X is a kinase inhibitor used to treat multiple types of breast…
Q: What is Oxidative phosphorylation and why is it needed in the catabolic pathways you have studied…
A: Cellular respiration - It is a catabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones…
Q: The acetyl group shuttle transfers the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA, produced by oxidative…
A: Acetyl CoA is produced in mitochondria and cannot leave mitochondria so it combines with…
Q: 3. The amino acid histidine has a side chain with a pK₁ of 6.0. What percentage of the histidine…
A: The ionization of histidine sidechain can be represented as below. HH+ ⇌ H + H+ here 'HH+ ' is the…
Q: The word root erythr/o means? Don't copy
A: The identification of affixes in biological terms can help in the understanding the complex terms.…
Q: Identify the type of glycosidic linkage present in the disaccharide below: O a (1-6) O a (1-4) 03(1…
A: Disaccharides are oligosaccharides composed of two monosaccharide units. The monosaccharide units in…
Q: Triacylglycerols Store Energy Q4.3 - Describe the three sources of triacylglycerols in humans and…
A: Introduction: Triacylglycerols are also known as neutral fats or triacylglycerides, which are esters…
Q: 15. Cellular proteins are oftentimes post-translationally modified. Choose one of the following…
A: Post translational modification are the modifications done in the protein by covalently attaching…
Q: Experiment: Action of Bromelain in the Setting of Gelatin Why were the results of the freshly…
A: Bromelain is type of proteolytic enzyme that is found in pineapple. It digests the fibrinogen and…
Q: 1. Identify the encircled functional group (hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, carboxyl). a) H3C. H3C S N NH…
A: There are four major classes of biological macromolecules called Nucleic Acids, Proteins,…
Q: Question 15 of 25 Which of the following is true for the acid-base properties of amino acids? Select…
A: The proteins are made of 20 naturally occurring amino acids. The net charge on the side chain of the…
Q: he transport of nutrients into a cell (think glucose and amino acids, for example) is a crucial…
A: The carbohydrates are absorbed in the intestine in the form of monosaccharides. The hexoses that are…
Q: 5. Oxaloacetate, glycerol, and lactate can be used in gluconeogenesis. T F
A: Sometimes organisms need a method to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrates precursors. The…
Q: Question 1 Which of the following conditions would fail to produce a triacylglycerol? Group of…
A: Triacylglycerol : A triglyceride or triacylglycerol (TG) molecule is made up of a glycerol as…
Q: Identify basic structure of the 8 types of membrane proteins shown below Understand how primary…
A: All biological membranes share one common feature: they are impermeable to polar molecules and…
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Complete oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid can yield 129 molecules of ATP Study Figure 19.2 and determine how many ATP molecules would be generated if a 16-carbon fatly acid were metabolized solely by the TCA cycle, in the form of S acetyl-CoA molecules.Ethanol as a Source of Metabolic Energy (Integrates with Chapters 19 and 20.) Acetate produced in ethanol metabolism can be transformed into acetyl-COA by the acetyl thiokinase reaction: Acetate+ATP+CoASHacetyleCoA+AMP+PPiAcetyle-CoA then can enter the citric acid cycle and undergo oxidation to 2 CO2by this route, assuming oxidative phosphorylation is part of the process? (Assume all reactions prior to acetyl-CoA entering the citric acid cycle occur outside the mitochondrion). Per carbon atom, which is a better metabolic fuel, ethanol or glucose? That is, how many ATP equivalents per carbon atom are generated by combustion of glucose versus ethanol to CO2?Normally, the flow of electrons to O2 is tightlylinked to the production of ATP via the electrochemicalgradient. If ATP synthase is inhibited, for example, elec-trons do not flow down the electron-transport chain andrespiration ceases. Since the 1940s, several substances—such as 2,4-dinitrophenol—have been known to uncou-ple electron flow from ATP synthesis. Dinitrophenol wasonce prescribed as a diet drug to aid in weight loss. Howwould an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation pro-mote weight loss? Why do you suppose dinitrophenol isno longer prescribed?
- 21) Compute the moles of FADH2, NADH, GTP generated and NADPH consumed in the dissimilation of one mole each of the octadecanoic acid and A3.5-ocatadienoic acid thioesters shown below to CO2 in the mitochondrial matrix space. Enter the product yields of electron carriers and GTP and the total yield of ATP after processing mitochondrial electron-transport chain in the tables provided below COAS COAS Product Total Converslon Yield ATP Product Total Conversion Yleld ATP FADH2 1.5 FADH2 1.5 2.5 NADH 2.5 NADH NADPH -2.5 NADPH -2.5 GTP GTP Total ATP Total ATP 8.Propose that you have discovered a new ATP synthase from the mitochondrion of an organism onthe planet X. You found that the mitochondrion from this newly discovered organism has exactly thesame electron transport chain as human beings. In addition, this newly discovered ATP synthase hassimilar subunit composition and arrangements as human beings, excepting that such newlydiscovered ATP synthase contain 6 c-subunits. Theoretically, the P/O ratio for the oxidation of FADH2 to water in this organism is: 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 None of the above Need more information Which statement is NOT true about the transport of ATP across the inner mitochondrial membraneon its way to the cytosol? The transport causes the loss of a net charge of -1 in the matrix. It is accomplished by adenine nucleotide translocase. The same enzyme that transports ATP also transport ADP in the opposite direction. It is complexed with Mg2+ to reduce the draw on the electrical part of the protonmotive force.In beta oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria, ubiquinone (via FAD / FADH2) from the respiratory chain acts as an oxidizing agent in one oxidation step and NAD + as an oxidizing agent in the other oxidation step. Discuss the exchange of ATP per oxygen molecule consumed in the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-COAI in relation to the exchange of ATP perroxygen molecule consumed if only NADH is the electron source for the respiratory chain.
- Using a generalized terminology (i.e. neither CIII nor CIV specific), explain how complex III and IV act as electron/proton charge separation device (not a proton pump) in mitochondria bioenergetics to create electron potential through the iner mitochondria membraneEach acetyl CoA that enters in the citric acid cycle, 2 carbon dioxide molecules are released in reactions which are coupled with the production of NADH molecules from reduction of NAD+ molecules and FADH2 is alse released by reduction of FAD+. NADH and FADH2, pass their electrons to the electron transport chain, turning back into NAD+ and FAD+ Explain furtherThe Citric Acid Cycle results in (Choose all that apply) net oxidation of acetyl CoA carbons to two CO2 O three NAD to NADH reductions involving 6 electrons one FADH2 to FAD oxidation involving 2 electrons three NADH to NAD oxidations involving 6 electrons O one FAD to FADH, reduction involving 2 electrons O a substrate level phosphorylation
- Some anaerobic prokaryotes use nitrate (NO3- ) as the terminal electronacceptor for energy metabolism. Assuming 100% effi ciency, how much ATP could be synthesized by the oxidation of NADH by nitrate?Sonicating a suspension of mitochondria produces submitochondrial particles derived from the innermitochondrial membrane. These membranous vesicles seal inside out, so that the intermembrane space of themitochondria becomes the lumen of the submitochondrial particle. Explain (or diagram) the process of electrontransfer and oxidative phosphorylation in these particles. Assuming all the substrates for oxidativephosphorylation are present in excess, does ATP synthesis increase or decrease with an increase in the pH ofthe fluid in which the submitochondrial particles are suspended? Why?Referring to the figure below, explain why NADH yields more ATP than FADH2 does. Electron-transport and proton pump Oxidative phosphorylation Outer mitochondrial membrane H* -Intermembrane H+ H+ H+ space H* H+ H+ Cytochrome c H+ COQH, CoQ UU COQH2 CoQ JU U Inner mitochondrial membrane Ht e ATPase Complex II Complex II Complex IV Complex e ADP +P - Mitochondrial matrix NADH NAD+ FADH2 FAD АТР H+ -H+ H+ H20