Please answer asap 6. The synthesis of fatty acids depends on the sequential transferof three carbon malonyl-groups from CoA to sulfur groupswithin the ACP-fatty acid synthase complex. Since eachaddition lengthens the chain by two, this represents a syntheticenergy consuming process that generates:A. increased entropy (S).B. CO2C. NADPH.D. ATP.E. An unsaturated double bond7. Based on their biosynthesis most fatty acids are evennumbered molecules. Thus, 15 and 17 chain fatty acids wouldneed to be begin with:A. acetone.B. beta-hydroxy-buterateC. acetoacetate.D. pyruvate.E. propanyl-CoA.

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Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter7: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 7TYK

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1. Malonyl Co A: a. Produced during the elongation of fatty acid degradation ċ .b. A key intermediate in fatty acid synthesis c. Produced as a result of decarboxylation of acetyl Co A ċ d. A key intermediate in fatty acid degradation
9. Which of the following statements is/are correct for the shown reaction? A CHg-c-s-col + CO - C-CH₂-C-S-COA A. The reaction occurs in the mitochondria B. The small molecule in box a is GTP C. The reaction is a committed step for fatty acid catabolism D. The reaction requires biotin E. None of the above
4. The figure below shows ATP in the binding site of pyruvate kinase, an important enzyme in cellular respiration. Note that only amino acids involved in interactions in the binding site are shown. Lys His ATP NH ; afafafor OH OH qat Glu Tyr Asp a. What is the most likely chemical interaction occurring between the tyrosine and the ribose of ATP? b. List one mutation to the lysine (Lys) in the binding site that would likely result in the kinase NOT being able to bind ATP (state the change in amino acid, not in the DNA or mRNA). In one sentence, explain why this mutation would likely lead to this change. Be as specific as possible.
19. The activation of long chain fatty acids requires which of the following components? B. ATP and CoA E. Carnitine acyl transferase I and II C. ATP, COA and fatty acyl CoA A. ATP D. Fatty acyl carnitine 20. Which of the following statements best describes the B-oxidation of fatty acids? A. B-oxidation of fatty acids is an extra mitochondrial process. B. The enzymes present in the form of multienzyme complexes. C. One acetyl CoA is produced in each turn of the B-oxidation spiral. D. The intermediates are carried by Acyl carrier protein. E. 129 ATP are required for the formation of one mol of palmitic acid.
2. The mechanism of HMG-CoA reducatse enzyme activity involves several stages. For the catalytic reaction to proceed, another substrate known as NADPH, which acts as a reducing agent is required. The kinetics of enzyme activity with NADPH at non-limiting amounts of HMG-CoA in the absence or presence of compactin is shown below. a) Based on the description above, which of the six types of enzymes does HMG-CoA reductase belong to? b) What is the Km for the reaction with no inhibitor present? Do NOT forget the units. Answers can be expressed either as a fraction or in decimals. c) What happens the measured Km with increasing amounts of compactin? (select one) increases decreases does not change d) What happens to the measured Vmax with increasing amounts of compactin? (select one) increases decreases does not change e) Based on your answers above, what type of inhibitor is compactin relative to its effects on enzyme activity NADPH? with -60 -40 1/V, (nanomoles/min)-1 -20 0.2 0.18 0.16…
8. Rotenone is a chemical that naturally occurs in plants. It is a broad-spectrum poison, meaning it is toxic to many types of organisms, including fish, insects, and other pests. Rotenone inhibits the transfer of electrons from one electron transport chain complex to another (complex I to ubiquinone). Molecule Acetyl-CoA ATP a. Would you expect rotenone poisoning to affect the following molecules (yes or no)? If so, would you expect them in increase or decrease? NADH Will levels change? (Yes or no) If yes, will the levels increase or decrease?
8. The enzyme thiolase catalyzes one step in the ß-oxidation of saturated fats. One portion of the mechanism for this reaction is shown below. Describe the catalytic mechanism at work. (Note: "SCOA" is shorthand for the compound Acetyl-CoA) RCOCH₂COSCoA + HSCOA → H3C₂OSC0A + RCOSCOA HN NH CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ FS Grease NH3 H-SCO A NH CH2 CH₂ NH3 S Co A CH₂ NH 1 3 H-SCO A H3C SCO A NH3 a h-SCOA R-C S Co A CH₂ CH₂ C H₂ 0=0 HN NH + NH3 H₂C HN CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ 2 S Co A CH₂ NH NH
5. Which of the following statements is true for the shown reaction? Cool CH₂ CH₂ I ç=O Соон CH₂ ćwiz A [B] COOH Y A. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs during the reaction B. Phosphoryl transfer occurs during the reaction C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B S-COA W HS-COA
3. Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) catalyzes the following reaction: COO™ C=O CH₂ COO Oxaloacetate The AspAT enzyme has two active-site arginines, Arg 386 and Arg 292, that interact with the a- carboxylate and ß-carboxylate groups on the aspartate substrate, respectively. Investigators stud- ied the mechanism of AspAT in more detail by constructing mutant AspAT enzymes in which either or both of the essential arginines were replaced with a lysine residue. The kinetic parame- ters for the wild-type enzyme and nutant enzymes are shown in the table. NH—CH-COO T CH₂ COO™ Aspartate α-Amino acid Enzyme 1. Wild-type Asp AT(Arg 292 Arg 386) 2. Mutant Asp AT(Lys 292 Arg 386) 3. Mutant Asp AT(Arg 292 Lys 386) 4. Mutant Asp AT(Lys 292 Lys 386) Asp-AT a-Keto acid KM (MM) 4 326 72 300 Kcat (S-1) 530 4.5 9.6 0.055 (a) The Michaelis constant is strictly not equivalent to an equilibrium binding constant; however under certain conditions the Michaelis constant does approach the equilibrium (dissoci-…
4. Glucose containing 4Catoms was added to isolated hepatocytes in an experiment. Ifthe glucose was added in excess, the rate of triacylglycerol synthesis increased. The determination of carbon atoms in the triacylglycerol molecule confirmed that all carbon atoms in glycerol and fatty acids were "C atoms. Explain the results of the experiment. For that: a) name the mectabolites required for triacylglycerol synthesis, which are produced by glucose catabolism; b) draw the scheme of glucose catabolism to metabolites required for triacylglycerol synthesis which would explain the appearance of 4C atoms in the triacylglycerol molecule; c) draw the scheme representing the conversion of extra glucose to triacylglycerols in the liver.
1. A biological chemist has isolated a sizable amount of a compound acetyl CoA. a. Look up the structure of acetyl CoA and provide a structure. b. The chemist then reacts this species with catalytic amount of acid in water to free CoA (coenzyme A). Using the arrow formalism, draw a sensible mechanism for the hydrolysis.
4. Assume that the following fatty acid is synthesized from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol by fatty acid synthase. Which of the following statements is true? 15 13 11 Coo- 16 14 12 10 A. The last two carbon atoms that are added to the fatty acid are carbon atoms #15 and #16 B. Synthesis of the fatty acid needs 8 molecules of NADPH +H* C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B

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