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Q: steps ОН де ОН
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Q: Q.
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Atomic Structure
The basic structure of an atom is defined as the component-level of atomic structure of an atom. Precisely speaking an atom consists of three major subatomic particles which are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Many theories have been stated for explaining the structure of an atom.
Shape of the D Orbital
Shapes of orbitals are an approximate representation of boundaries in space for finding electrons occupied in that respective orbital. D orbitals are known to have a clover leaf shape or dumbbell inside where electrons can be found.
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- Consider burning ethane gas, C2H6 in oxygen (combustion) forming CO2 and water. (a) How much energy (in J) is produced in the combustion of one molecule of ethane? (b) What is the energy of a photon of ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 12.6 nm? (c) Compare your answers for (a) and (b).A molecule can have various types of energies (translational, rotational, vibrational, and electronic), the sum of which is the molecule's total energy. E trans = (n +n + n²) Erot = J (J + 1) h² 87²1 Evib = (U+ 1 ) h hv h² 8mV (2/3) In the equations, nx, ny, nz, J, and u are quantum numbers, h is Planck's constant, m is the mass of the molecule, V is the volume of the container, I is the moment of inertia of the molecule, and v is the fundamental vibration frequency. For carbon monoxide, CO, the moment of inertia is I = 1.45 x 10-46 kg-m², and the fundamental vibration frequency is v = 2130 cm-¹. Let V = 12.5 L, and let all the quantum numbers be equal to 1. Calculate the translational, rotational, and vibrational energies per mole of CO for these conditions.Vanadium tetrachloride (VCl4 ) is a bright red colored liquid with a vapor pressure of 5x10-2 torr at 298K. What is the expected orbital angular momentum in the ground state of VCl4(g) ?
- A.1 Answer the following two questions: (i) A particle with spin s = 2 (in units of ħ) has an orbital angular momentum of € = 1. What are the possible values for its total angular momentum J? (ii) A further measurement of J₂ yields J₂ = −2. What are now the possible values of J? ==The vibrational frequency of the hydrogen chloride HCl diatomic molecule is 8.97 x 1013Hz. chloride atom is 35.5 times more massive than hydrogen atom. (mµ = 1.67 x 0-27kg,c = 3.0 x 10°m/s) a) What is the force constant of the molecular bond between the hydrogen and the chloride atoms? b) What is the energy of the emitted photon when this molecule makes a transition between adjacent vibrational energy levels? c) What is the wavelength of the emitted photon? d) The possible wavelengths of photons emitted with the HCl molecule decays from the 2nd excited state eventually to the ground state(0 state).The rotation motion of HCl molecules can be analyzed by treating each molecule as a rigid rotational constant B= 2.07x10^-22 Joules. a) what frequency of radiation will excite the transition from the J=1 energy level to the J=2 level in this case? b) what is the relative probability of observing an HCl molecule at the J=2 energy level, as compared to teh J=1 level, at 25.00 degrees C?
- P7E.5 In infrared spectroscopy it is common to observe a transition from the v = 0 to v = 1 vibrational level. If this transition is modelled as a harmonic oscillator, the energy of the photon involved is ħo, where o is the vibrational frequency. (a) Show that the wavenumber of the radiation corresponding to photons of this energy, v, is given by v=@/2nc, where c is the speed of light. (b) The vibrational frequency of 'H*Cl is w = 5.63 x 10“s"; calculate v. (c) Derive an expression for the force constant k, in terms of v. (d) For "C"O the v = 0 →1 transition is observed at 2170 cm. Calculate the force constant and estimate the wavenumber at which the corresponding absorption occurs for "C*O. Use integer relative atomic masses for this estimate.Calculate the momentum of an X-ray photon with a wavelength of 0.17nm. How does this value compare with the momentum of a free electron that has been accelerated through a potential difference of 5000 volts? (Hint: electron mass, m, = 9.10938 x 10" kg; electron charge e = 1.602 x 10"C; speed of light e = 3.0 x 10° m.s'; 1.00 J= 1.00 VC; h = 6.626 x 10"J.s. The various energy units are: 1 J=1 kg.m's", 1.00 cV =1VC, leV = 1.602 x 10"J, 1J=6.242 x 10" eV, etc.). %3D %3D(a) Predict the ionization energy of Be3+ in its ground state given that the ionization energy of Li2+ in its ground state is 122.45 eV. Notice that the number of protons and neutrons in the nuclei of both Li and Be make their nuclear masses effectively infinite compared with the mass of the electron. (b) What is the ionization energy expressed in atomic units for a Li2+ ion in a 4p, electronic state?
- 3- Consider the atom having the electron configuration 1s 2s2 2p 3s 3p. Assume that the z components of both the orbital and spin angular momenta of the electron in the 3p subshell are positive. What are the quantum numbers that describe the state of this electron? On=3,1= 1, m = 1, s = 1/2 n = 3,1 = 2, m = 1, s = 1/2 On= 3,1= 2, m 2, s =-1/2 On=3,13D 1, m = 2, s = 1/2 On=3,1 1, m = -1, s = 1/2 %3DCalculate the momentum of an X-ray photon with a wavelength of 0.17nm. How does this value compare with the momentum of a free electron that has been accelerated through a potential difference of 5000 volts? (Hint: electron mass, m, = 9.10938 x 10" kg; electron charge e = 1.602 x 10"C; speed of light e = 3.0 x 10* m.s'; 1.00 J= 1.00 VC; h = 6.626 x 10"J.s. The various energy units are: 1 J= 1 kg.m°s³, 1.00 eV =1VC, leV= 1.602 x 10"J, 1J= 6.242 x 10" eV, etc.). %3DP7B.8 A normalized wavefunction for a particle confined between 0 and L in the x direction, and between 0 and L in the y direction (that is, to a square of side L) is y = (2/L) sin(Tx/ L) sin(Ty/L). The probability of finding the particle between x, and x, along x, and between y, and y, along y is P= "w°dxdy Calculate the probability that the particle is: (a) between x = 0 and x = L/2, y = O and y = L/2 (i.e. in the bottom left-hand quarter of the square); (b) between x = L/4 and x = 3L/4, y = L/4 and y = 3L/4 (i.e. a square of side L/2 centred on x = y = L/2).