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- 8. In patients after prolonged hepatitis, the ALT and AST activities were measured in the blood serum. What transaminase activity is inereased to a greater extent, and why? For the answer: a) explain the meaning of the enzyme diagnostics; b) draw the scheme of reactions catalyzed by ALT and AST; c) point out coenzyme of these reactions; describe vitamin from which this cocnzyme is derived; d) describe the biological importance of this type of reactions in amino acid metabolism; e) specify the demands which are claimed to enzymes been used in enzyme diagnostics.7. To improve the digestion of food proteins in chronic inflammatory-dystrophic disorders of the pancreatic gland, stomach or intestine patients are prescribed mezym forte (pancreatin) containing pancreatic enzymes. What is the remedial mechanism of this drug? For the answer: a) enumerate enzymes digesting proteins in the gastrointestinal tract; b) specify the mechanism of proteolytic enzyme activation; c) draw the schemes of these enzymes activation, point out the activators; d) explain the specificity of proteases; e) describe the consequences of these enzymes activation in the tissue of pancreas.8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type 1, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fuel metabolism. One of these signs is acidosis, Explain why such patients have a deviation of blood pH from the norm? For this 9. b) write the reactions of synthesis and oxidation of these molecules, name the enzymes, coenzymes, reaction localization: X
- 1. 65 years old woman with low physical activity got the excess carbohydrates (about 400 g daily) for several years. The laboratory value of total cholesterol in serum blood was 260 mg/dl. Why the excess consumption of carbohydrates can cause hypercholesterolemia? To answer the question: a) compare the cholesterol concentration in the serum blood of the patient with the normal range; b) draw the schemes of the metabolic pathways confirming that overeating of carbohydrates can result in hypercholesterolemia; c) draw the scheme of the cholesterol synthesis regulation; d) give your prescriptions for the diet and treatment of the patient.8. Hypercholesterolemia is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus in patients with prolonged hyperglycemia. Why a high level of glucose in blood causes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis? For the answer explain: a) how glucose can interact with the proteins and the consequences of this reaction for the proteins; b) glycation of which proteins results in hypercholesterolemia; c) possible causes and complications of hypercholesterolemia.Serum blood of a patient with dislipoproteinemia type 1 has milky appearance even in fasting. If serum stays at low temperature (40) for several hours fatty layer appears on its surface. What are the possible causes of these symptoms? To explain this, answer the questions and do the following tasks: a) what compounds of serum must be tested for that patient in biochemical lab? b) write the reaction which does not occur properly in patient’s blood; c) write down the schemes, explaining how the products of the previous reaction are used in adipose tissue and heart in healthy person 2 hours after a meal.
- 1. TRUE OR FALSE a) Higher Rf value will be obtained from dextrin than that of glucose in a reverse-phase TLC. b) Salivary amylase is used to hydrolyzed α(1à4) glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates.26: Regarding thioamides: ale lon (a) they include chlorambucil (b) methimazole is less potent than propylthiouracil (c) the bioavailability of propylthiouracil is less than 25% (d) their prolonged use may result in gastrointestinal distress (e) the most dangerous complication is agranulocytosisexplain the phenylketonuria disease mechanism
- 1. What is the major tissue source of Alanine Aminotransferase? 2. What is the clinical significance of elevated serum Alanine aminotransferase?4 A I. Refer to the figure below and answer the following questions: 45 5 55 6 65 PH 7 75 8.5 0 10 B 15 20 25 30 35 Temperature (°C) 40 45 Legend: Blue - wild-type ß-galactosidase; Red - mutant ß-galactosidase a. What is the optimum pH of wild type ß-galactosidase? b. What is the optimum temperature of mutant ß-galactosidase? c. Which enzyme has the greater activity at pH 7.2? d. Which enzyme has the greater activity at a temperature of 42.5°C? e. Which enzyme has greater activity if pH decreases from 7.5 to 6.4? f. Which enzyme has greater activity if temperature increases from 40°C to 41 °C? 50 556. More enzyme activity.... A) Discuss how proteolytic cleavage is used to achieve tight control of the activity of digestive enzymes. B) If proteolytic cleavage leads to irreversible activation of digestive enzymes, how is the activity of digestive enzymes reduced when no longer needed? There were two ways presented this semester. C) We looked at three serine protease enzymes: elastase, chymotrypsin, and trypsin. All three enzymes cut peptide bonds using a similar catalytic mechanism. Explain why these are called serine proteases. D) What are the different substrate specificities of elastase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin? And, why, from a structural standpoint, do elastase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin have different substrate specificities?