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- 5. Answer ALL parts of this question. (a) What small molecule does tubocurarine (Figure Q5a, below) mimic? OH H3C CH3 OCH3 HO OCH3 H CH3 Tubocurarine (Figure Q5a) (b) Describe how this molecule binds to biological receptors and state whether it is an agonist or an antagonist. (c) Give one reason why the clinical use of decamethonium (see Figure Q5c) is problematic. Decamethonium (Figure Q5c)material (DNA) stored within cach and dys During high intensity, short-duration exercise (weight lifting, for example), fatigue is believed to be partially caused by: 29. A. The decrease in extracellular Calcium caused by sweating. B. The increase in extracellular Potassium and increase in intracellular ADP ca used by the activity of the muscle fibers. C. The decrease in localized temperature that occurs in active muscle fibers. D. The decrease in intracellular Sodium caused by the Action Potential.A. What is the difference between preproinsulin and proinsulin? B. What is cleaved out of proinsulin to allow the mature insulin molecule to be formed? C. What is the C peptide and why is it medically significant? D. What is the purpose of the signal sequence and why isn’t it present in the mature insulin molecule?
- i. Write an equation balancing the electrical potential and chemical potential for 3 Na+ and 1 Ca2+. Note that NCX is an antiporter, whereas SGLT1 is a symporter, thus the maximal electrochemical gradient of Ca2+ will be opposite that of glucose. ii. Rearrange this equation in to give intra-cellular Ca2+ as a function of extra-cellular Ca2+, intra-cellular and extra-cellular Na+, resting membrane potential. You should note the equation and substitution below. iii. Use the values below for extra-cellular Ca2+, intra-cellular and extra-cellular Na+, resting membrane potential to calculate intra-cellular Ca2+. Extracellular Na+ concentration is 140mM, intracellular Na+ concentration is 12mM, extracellularCa2+ concentration 2.5mM, and the resting membrane potential is -65mV.Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement. a. Potassium ions are responsible for the repolarization phase of the action potential. b. Insulin, aldosterone, and epinephrine stimulate the uptake of potassium ions into cells. c. Hyperkalemia tends to decrease the resting membrane potential and hyperpolarize excitable cells. d. Hypocalcemia causes neurons to become hyperexcitable, leading to potential tetanic contractions. e. Chloride ions are generally reabsorbed from the kidneys, along with bicarbonate ions.Explain the role, using diagrams wherever possible, of G protein coupled receptors mediating the following physiological effects. a. Positive inotropic and positive chronotropic effects in the heart b. Vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle cells.
- A __________ is synthesized from amino acids and cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane. a, steroid hormone b. protein hormone c. peptide hormone d. both b and cH Oa. Hormones that affect nerve cell activity Ob. Hormones that inhibit nerve cell activity Oc. Hormones released into the blood by neurons O d. Hormones released into the synaptic cleft by presynaptic neurons QUESTION 17 What role does vasopressin play when there is a decrease in blood volume? O a. It acts on kidneys to increase water retention. O b. It excites magnocellular neurosecretory cells. O c. It stimulates the sympathetic division of ANS. Od. It motivates animals to shun water. esc QUESTION 18 What is the lipostatic hypothesis? O a. Vasopressin release is associated with volumetric thirst. O b. The brain monitors the amount of body fat. O c. The brain expends body fat against perturbations. O d. The brain stimulates an increase in adiposity or body fat. Click Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers. Type here to search ! f1 1 ? f2 @ 2 # 3 f4 LA $ O 10 4 f5 n % LO 5 f6 D (O hp 17 6 &The hormone aldosterone regulates blood pressure through: A. Reabsorption of sodium. B. Secretion of sodium C. Reabsorption of potassium D. Secretion of potassium E. Secretion of calcium Why does a hormone (for example, epinephrine) generate different reactions in different target cells (for example, in smooth muscle cells)? A. Because the reaction of the cell depends on the amount of the hormone. B. Because of the influence of environment on the cell; for example, body temperature. C. Because cells have different receptor proteins; say, α-and β-receptors. D. It depends on the circumstances; sometimes cell reacts one way, sometimes another. E It depends on the influence of other surrounding cells.
- A researcher is curious whether 30 minutes of daily exercise can decrease the blood glucose levels back to normal in patients with type 2 diabetes. what would be the Control Group of this?1. A lipogenase antagonist would a. increase prostaglandins b. increase inflammation c. decrease leukotrienes d. decrease prostaglandins 2. Which of the following is true if you give a patient a drug that blocked exocytosis? a. increase protein hormone synthesis b. increase steroid hormone synthesis c. decrease levels of protein hormones in the bloodstream d. decree levels of steroid hormones in the bloodstreama. Name the phosphoinositide generated through the action of PI-5 kinase. b. Name the products generated by lipase action of the answer in a and specify which is hydrophobic and which is hydrophilic. c. Name the enzyme specifically responsible for the action described in b. d. Name the channel on the endoplasmic reticulum that is activated by the hydrophilic product listed in b. e. Name a protein activated by the hydrophobic product described in b.
