All of the following are mechanisms used by pathogens to penetrate host defenses EXCEPT: 1. Capsules 2. Enzymes 3. Antigenic variation 4. None of the other four answers (all are examples of how pathogens penetrate host defenses) 5. Penetration of cytoskeleton
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All of the following are mechanisms used by pathogens to penetrate host defenses EXCEPT:
1. Capsules
2. Enzymes
3. Antigenic variation
4. None of the other four answers (all are examples of how pathogens penetrate host defenses)
5. Penetration of cytoskeleton
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- Describe the ways in which each of the following pathogens can disarm their host’s immune system or manipulate it to their own advantage:a. Pathogenic strains of Staphylococcusb. Enveloped virusesWhich virulence factor description among A-E is false? view Later A) O Adhesins: fimbriae or pili are examples of this B) O Invasins: virulence factor of intracellular pathogens C) O Kinases: breaks apart a blood clot; streptokinase is an example. D) O Hyaluronidases: dissolves connections between cells of a tissue E) O Coagulases: found in certain Staphylococcus pathogens; induces clot formation in the body F) O None of A-E is false; all are true 12 Review Later O Type here to search 13 * 12 * esc 立Imagine that a drug was discovered that is able to bind to and cut off the 5' cap of the coronavirus RNA genome once it enters the host cytoplasm. Based on this description, which of the following steps of the infection cycle would this drug directly inhibit? a) Entry b) Synthesis c) Attachment d) Release e) Assembly
- Which of the following virulence factors among A-D is correctly matched with its definition or characterization? A) O Invasins: pathogen proteins that prevent opsonization of the pathogen B) O Phase variation: allows pathogen to switch between different forms of an extracellular antigen (e.g., flagellum) C) O Protein A. a microbial factor that allows for attachment, typically a surface protein or surface glycoprotein D) O Prevention of lysosome:phagosome fusion mechanism employed by an extracellular pathogen E) OM protein, Opa protein: enzymes that interfere with the functioning of antibodiesWhich of the following is a possible result of viral infection in eukaryotic host cells? O 1) Syncytialization of host cells. O 2) Inclusion bodies within the cytoplasm. O 3) oncogenesis. O 4) Host cell death 5) All of the abovePathogenic infections induce damage to the host by a variety of mechanisms. While many mechanisms are direct effects of the pathogen, some damaging mechanisms result from the immune response to the infection. Examples of damage caused by the host immune response are: a) Exotoxin production, endotoxin b) Cell-mediated inmunity, direct cytopathic effect c) Endotoxin, inmmunune complexes d) Direct cythopathic effect, endotoxin e) Cell-mediated inmunity, inmmunune complexes
- What role do the host cells proteases play in infection, i.e., in viruses gainging access to the host cells cytoplasm?Different strains of Streptococcus pyogenes have different virulence factors, giving these microbes much versatility. Virulence factors include which of the following? Choose one or more: A.A capsule that, when thick, will help the organism avoid phagocytosis by macrophages B.A cell wall containing lipoteichoic acid, thought to facilitate adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells C.Enzymes that lyse blood cells (streptolysins) D.The production of several endotoxins called streptococcal pyogenic endotoxins (SPEs)Which of the following would you anticipate would be secreted through the Type III secretion system during infection? a secondary messenger effector that is unable to cross the host cell membrane, such as the AexT protein that disrupts the host cell cytoskeleton the superantigen TSST that is responsible for the signs and symptoms associated with toxic shock syndrome a pore-forming cytolytic toxin, such as a hemolysin not enough information to determine the AB toxin responsible for the flaccid paralysis associated with botulism
- How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis gain access through that preferred portal of entry Explain how the Mycobacterium tuberculosis is able to evade innate human host defenses that prevent this from occurring. discuss specific components of your pathogen. (Examples may include capsules, cell wall components, exoenzymes, antigenic variation and penetration of the host cell cytoskeleton.)What host defense is illustrated in this figure? Multiple Choice: select one: Lacrimation; first line defenseComplement; second line defenseNatural killer cells; first line defenseInterferon; first line defenseInterferon; second line defenseA.) What four factors must be present for an infection to spread? susceptible B.) What is the source of infection? C.) What are the main routes of transmission?