Apoptosis is Select one: A. equivalent to necrosis. B. caused by T cell anergy. C. involved in peripheral tolerance, but not central tolerance. D. impaired in Fas-deficient systems. E. involved in central tolerance, but not peripheral tolerance. O
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- Unlike naive T lymphocytes, Select one: a. memory T lymphocytes obtain energy from glycolysis. b. memory T lymphocyte populations may include TH1 or TH2 T cells. c. effector T cells do not undergo mitosis when stimulated by antigen. d. effector T cells do not express mTORc1. e. effector T cells undergo high rates of autophagy.A. Organism that causes diseaseB. Larger in children than adults, this organ is the site of T cell maturation.C. Small region of substance or organism that binds directly to antibody.D. With granules that take up acidic stains, these white blood cells defend against parasites.E. Star-shaped cells critical for T-cell activationF. One type of complement pathwayG. These molecules "show off' self or non-self-peptides to T cells.H. A protein fragment that tags cells for destruction by phagocytesI.Substance or organism that induces an immune response.I.May be released into circulation or serve as a B cell receptor.K. Signalling molecule made by virally infected cells.L. The most abundant white cells in the blood, these phagocytic cells have multilobed nucleiM. A laboratory procedure that can test for antigen or antibody.N. A remarkable intracellular complex that amplifies the innate immune responseO. Receptors that recognize pathogen products and cause macrophages to produceinterleukins.P. A…Which of these conditions does not occur during the inflammatoryresponse?a. release of histamine and other chemical mediatorsb. chemotaxis of phagocytesc. entry of fibrinogen into tissues from the bloodd. vasoconstriction of blood vesselse. increased permeability of blood vessels
- Macrophagesa. are large, phagocytic cells that outlive neutrophils.b. develop from mast cells.c. often die after a single phagocytic event.d. have the same function as eosinophils.e. All of these are correct.Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation. a. Inflammation increases capillary permeability. b. Chemotaxis draws leucocytes to the site of injury. c. Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury. d. Release of prostaglandins results in pain.Concerning structure and function of antibodies, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: a. Each antibody can recognise thousands of antigens b. Antibodies can activate complement cascade c. An antibody usually has a complement binding site, a macrophage binding site, and anantigen binding site d. Antibodies can act as opsonins e. Antibodies can neutralise toxins Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune defence: a. Mucous membranes trapping foreign invaders b. Complement proteins stimulating phagocytosis c. Phagocytes killing invaders d. Low pH in stomach preventing bacterial growth e. Vaccines preventing infection by inducing memory
- The following events occur in humoral immunity, leading to an activated B cell in a T dependent manner. Of the steps listed below, which would be step number 5 in the process. Hint: only include these steps in the numbering...order the steps and select which one is #5 A. secretion of cytokines by Th B. Receptor mediated endocytosis C. B cell receptors recognize and bind to an antigen D. Recognition by Th E. Digestion and processing of the antigen by the B cell F. Display of the antigen along with MHC proteinsAll of the following are examples of how tumors or the microenvironment in which they develop suppress immune responses except _____. a. induction of T-cell anergy b. peptide splicing of self proteins c. cleavage of MIC glycoproteins from tumor-cell surfaces d. TGF-β-induced recruitment of regulatory T cells e. release of TGF-β and IL-10 by regulatory T cells.The lymphatic system... A.Has a pumping mechanism to move fluid. B. Includes areas of high concentrations of APCs, T and B cells. C. Collects fluid from around the brain and spinal cord. D. Is very impermeable to extracellular fluid. E. Is the site of B and T cell clonal deletion.
- Match each lettered term with the most closely related description. a. cytotoxic T cells Stimulated by the release of cytokines from macrophages, helper T cells, and interferons, b. viruses The race is on: с. В сеlls 15 14 d. antibodies try to replicate before the immune system can mount a response. Two have already taken over cells in the body. quickly recognize the viruses as a foreign threat. They begin destroying viruses by engulfing them. e. helper T cells join the attack on virus- infected cells. They also fight cancer cells. f. macrophages g. natural killer (NK) cells h. regulatory T cells eieg ucl bris ah lo oolom i. memory T cells and B cells neo alled 18 alloo omeslo ofni ola 19 17 are Y-shaped proteins designed specifically to recognize a particular viral mature into plasma cells, which in turn produce Y-shaped proteins. ebie hel ert beer honelni vood avtne er (the battle managers of the immune system) emit sig- nals to other lymphocytes to join the attack. oeonetelagn or…A number of minor cancerous cells and infected viruses, such as Epstein Barr (EBV), are able to go undetected by cytotoxic T cell degradation by what possible mechanism? a. the production of normal class I MHC molecule b. helper T cell activation c. the deactivation of the complement system d. tumor antigen expression e. the production of the class II major histocompatability (MHC) moleduleMobilization of neutrophils to fight infection in tissue is mediated by all except which a. TNF-a production by macrophages b. upregulation of selectins on blood vessel endothelium c. interferon response d. generation of a CXCL8 gradient e. extravasation across endothelium f. proteolysis of basement membrane of blood vessels.