As an end result of electron transfer through the transport chain in mitochondria 1. pH in mitochondrial matrix is decreased 2. pH in mitochondrial matrix in increased 3. pH in the intermembrane space is increased 4. pH in the cytoplasm in decreased
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- Figure 7.11 Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an "uncoupler" that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane "leaky" to protons. It was used until 1938 as a weight- loss drug. What effect would you expect DNP to have on the change in pH across the inner mitochondrial membrane? Why do you think this might be an effective weight-loss drug? Intermembrane space Mitochondrial matrix ATP Synthase ADP Inner mitochondrial membrane ATP Figure 7.11 ATP synthase is a complex, molecular machine that uses a proton (H) gradient to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). (Credit: modification of work by Klaus Hoffmeier)ADP and inorganic phosphate are provided for oxidative phosphorylation via an: ADP-ATP antiport and a proton-phosphate symport in the inner mitochondrial membrane. ADP-ATP antiport and a proton-phosphate symport in the outer mitochondrial membrane. O ADP-ATP antiport in the inner mitochondrial membrane and a phosphate uniport in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. ADP-phosphate symport in the inner mitochondrial membrane.Referring to the figure below, explain why NADH yields more ATP than FADH2 does. Electron-transport and proton pump Oxidative phosphorylation Outer mitochondrial membrane H* -Intermembrane H+ H+ H+ space H* H+ H+ Cytochrome c H+ COQH, CoQ UU COQH2 CoQ JU U Inner mitochondrial membrane Ht e ATPase Complex II Complex II Complex IV Complex e ADP +P - Mitochondrial matrix NADH NAD+ FADH2 FAD АТР H+ -H+ H+ H20
- Intermembrane Space Protein Complex of Electron H Carriers ATP Synthase Cyt C NADH NAD FADH FAD 2H + ,0, H,0 Mitochondrial Matrix ADP+ ATP Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis Oxidative Phosphorylation 19- Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, a component of the electron transport chain. If cyanide poisoning occurs, would you expect the pH of the intermembrane space to increase or decrease? What effect would cyanide have on ATP synthesis? 20. Because they lose their mitochondria during development, red blood cells cannot perform aerobic respiration; however, they do perform glycolysis in the cytoplasm. Why do all cells need an energy source, and what would happen if glycolysis were blocked in a red blood cell? 21. What is the primary difference between a circular pathway and a linear pathway? 22. How do the roles of ubiquinone and cytochrome c differ from the roles of the other components of the electron transport chain? 23. What accounts for the different number of ATP molecules…The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle can transport cytosolic NADH equivalents into the mitochondrial matrix (see Fig. 15.11c). In this shuttle, the protons and electrons are donated to FAD, which is reduced to FADH₂. These protons and electrons are subsequently donated to coenzyme Q in the electron transport chain. End of Chapter Problem 86a How much ATP is generated per mole of glucose when the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is used? (Tolerance is +/- 2%) ATP are generated per glucose.Label the diagram and explain the salient feature that is happening in each item. For the complexes and the mobile carriers, kindly give their alternative names Electron Transport Chain Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Intermembrane space Mitochondrial matrix 1 2 FADH₂ NADH NAD + H Mitochondrial matrix 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 6 FAD H₂O 2H* + 1/20₂ Inner mitochondrial membrane Name of the Transporter 500 2e- 13040 ALLD LC ATP ADP Essential Features
- How is a gradient of H+ ions formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane? The electron transport chain uses ATP to pump H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane against its electrochemical gradient ATP synthase generates a H+ ions gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane The electron transport chain of proteins contains pores that are leaky to H+ ions The electron transport chain uses energy from the transfer of an electron donated by NADH to pump H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane against its electrochemical gradientwhich of the following processes generates a proton-motive force in mitochondira. -lower the ph in the mitochondiral matrix -pumping of hydrogen ions from the mitochondiral matrix across the inner membrane and into intermembrane -the flow of protons throught ATP synthase down their concentraion gradient -the reduction of NAD+ by the first electon carrier in the electron trasport chainThe role of a subunit of F0 (2 choices are correct) Undergoes multiple conformational changes from lose to tight to open, to synthesize ATP. Uses two half-channels to pick up and release protons. Allows for unidirectional pick up of protons by c subunit. Allows for the import of inorganic phosphate into mitochondrial matrix.
- Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding oxidative phosphorylation? Oxidation and phosphorylation are coupled via a proton gradient. A large positive difference in reduction potential is associated with a small negative free energy change. Electrons from FADH2 enter at complex II because the reduction potential of FADH2 is greater than that of redox centers in complex I. The pH is higher in the matrix relative to that in the inter-membrane space.A total of 4 protein complexes are used in the electron transport chain. These proteins are localized in what specific part of the mitochondria? intermembrane space outer membrane Matrix inner membraneFill in the bold using the table. Because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to L, when there is an excess of mitochondrial L, it converts to M using a TCA condensation reaction, M crosses to the cytosol using a designated transport system. In the cytosol, M reconverts to L and oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is subsequently converted to malate with simultaneous production of N, a prerequisite cofactor for the glycolysis pathway. This reaction is then followed by conversion of N to pyruvate which produces O, a prerequisite cofactor for the fatty acid synthesis pathway. L M N O A. ATP pyruvate malate NADPH B. ATP citrate ATP NAD+ C. acetyl CoA pyruvate NAD+ NADH D. acetyl CoA citrate NAD+ NADPH E. glucose pyruvate malate NADP+
