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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
Can u help me to explain to me part c, please? I stuggled. Answer should be H2O, NAD, FAD, and ATP for part C? can u help me to explain to me
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- this question is about 16 carbon fatty acid A) what are the end procuts of the eight cycles of beta oxidation of a 16 carbon fatty acid? B) assuming 2.5 ATP molecules are produced from one NADH, how many molecules of ATP are produced from the NADH produced during beta oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid15.12) Determine whether each of the following metabolic processes occurs in the cytoplasm (outside of the mitochondria) or in the mitochondria. a) glycolysis cytoplasm b) citric acid cycle mitochondria c) beta oxidation mitochondria d) oxidative phosphorylation mitochondria EXPLANATION: The enzymes that catalyze the reactions of the citric acid cycle, beta-oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation are all located in the mitochondria.What is the citric acid cycle? Provide a schematic diagram of the citric acid cycle with chemical structures of each compound in the cycle. Indicate the cofactors and products at each step as well as the name of each of the enzymes involved.
- Some archaebacteria produce an enzyme with two active sites: one catalyzes the dephosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and one catalyzes the condensation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Explain the advantage of combining these catalytic activities in a single bifunctional enzyme.All dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle use NAD* (E° for NAD*/NADH is -0.32V) as electron acceptor except succinate dehydrogenase (which uses FAD (E° for FAD/FADH2 is 0.05V). Based on AG° = -NFEº, show and state (1-2 sentences) why is FAD a more appropriate electron acceptor than NAD* in the dehydrogenation of succinate (consider the E° values of %3D Uptake in Na+ Vmax Uptake in absence of Na+ Vmax substrate K: (mM) Kt (mM) L-leucine 420 0.24 23 0.2 D-Leucine 310 4.7 5 4.7 L-valine 225 0.31 19 0.31 fumarate/succinate (E° = 0.031), NAD*/NADH, and the succinate dehydrogenase FAD/FADH2).About the process of industrial production of ethanol by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mark the correct alternatives: (a) the cells must be cultured in anaerobic conditions to activate the metabolic pathway of ethanol production (b). the presence of oxygen is required to allow regeneration of the NAD+ cofactor (c). good oxygenation of the medium is important to favor the formation of greater amounts of ATP (d).the production of ethanol is always accompanied by the formation of glycerol (e). the sugar present in the culture medium is completely oxidized to CO2 and water
- In Bacillus subtilis, threonine is metabolized by the following sequence of reactions: (a) oxidation; (b) decarboxylation;(c) transamination; and (d) oxidation to produce pyruvate. Outline this sequence of steps, show the structures of thesubstances, use abbreviations for the cofactors, and show any enzyme-bound coenzymes. What type of enzyme bound intermediate is likely for reaction (d)?An iron-sulfur protein in Complex 3 donates an electron to cytochrome c1. The reduction half-reactions and Eº' values are shown below. a) write the balanced equation for the reaction and calculate the standard free energy change. b) How can you account for the fact that this reaction occurs spontaneously in the cell? FeS(ox) + e- ---> FeS(red) Eº' = 0.280 V cyt c1 (Fe3+) + e- ---> cyt c1 (Fe2+) Eº' = 0.215 VSome anaerobic prokaryotes reduce elemental sulfur to H2S. Assuming 100% efficiency, how much ATP could be synthesized by the oxidation of acetate by S under standard conditions?
- The Km and kcat for fumarase with fumarate as a substrate are 5 × 10−6 M and 8 × 102 s−1, respectively. When malate is the substrate, the Km and kcat are 2.5 × 10−5 M and 9 × 102 s−1, respectively. What do these data tell you about the operation of this enzyme in the citric acid cycle?Why do the cytochrome electron-transfer processes have different standard reduction potentials, despite the fact that they all utilize the identical iron oxidation–reduction reaction?(a) Write a balanced equation for the conversion of aspartate into glucose through the intermediate oxaloacetate. Which coenzymes participate in this transformation? (b) Write a balanced equation for the conversion of aspartate into oxaloacetate through the intermediate fumarate