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Compare and contrast the five classes of CD4T helper cells. Include in your response references to activation and effector function.
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- Why are CD8+/αβT-cells important? Explain the function of the mature activated CD8+/αβT-cell and list 3 cytotoxic effector molecules they secrete and 3 cytokines they secrete.Compare and contrast CD4 and CD8 T cells. Include in your response references to structure, activation, and effector function.An experiment is performed in a mice and studies have indicated that Batf3-/- mice lack one particular subset of conventional dendritic cells, known as CD8a+ dendritic cells (DC), but otherwise appear to have normal numbers and subsets of all other immune cell populations (e.g., T cells, B cells, macrophages, etc.). The results of this experiment are shown in the figure below. Name two possible functions of CD8a+ dendritic cells that could account for the results seen in the Batf3-/- mice immunized with WNV.
- Some viruses have mechanisms to down-regulate MHC class I protein expression on the surface of cells in which the virus is replicating. This immune evasion strategy might prevent effector CD8 cytotoxic T cells from recognizing and killing the virus-infected cells. Would this immune evasion strategy also prevent the initial activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells? Yes, because no viral peptide:MHC class I complexes would form to activate CD8 T cells. No, because dendritic cells would take up infected cells and cross-present viral peptides to activate CD8 T cells. No, because some presentation of MHC class I complexes with viral peptides would occur before the virus could down-regulate all the surface MHC class I protein. Yes, because this immune evasion strategy would also function in dendritic cells, even if the virus doesn’t replicate in dendritic cells. No, because the type I interferon response induced by the virus infection will up-regulate MHC class I expression and override the…Where is the CD4 receptor? What is it’s role in the immune response? (provide details – innate vs acquired) Why is someone lacking the CD4 receptor immune to HIV infection?CD8 T cells in a culture are analyzed for their ability to produce the cytokine IFN-g, and the numbers of IFN-g-producing CD8 T cells are quantified. As a control, T cells are also stimulated with an irrelevant non-viral peptide (ova) plus dendritic cells. The results are shown in the figure below. Why is the T cell response different between the two lymph node populations?
- What would be the consequence of a failure to express CD40 ligand by CD4+ T helper cells?Cytotoxic effector T cells also produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g and TNF-a when their T-cell receptor recognizes peptide:MHC on a target cell. One effect of this cytokine secretion is to enhance the ability of CD8 effector T cells to recognize and kill other infected cells in the nearby vicinity. This enhanced activity is due to: The increased production of perforin and granzymes by CD8 cells The up-regulation of MHC class I protein expression by IFN-g The ability of TNF-a to induce vascular leakage The effect of cytokines on promoting target cell apoptosis The effect of IFN-g to enhance viral replication leading to increased viral antigen presentationSomatic cells can display antigen [small peptides] and present them to the body’s immunesystem via their MHC/HLA receptor displays. Discuss the paths for MHC/HLA1 vs. MHC/HLA2display. How do these two paths fit into the health of the body, and the response of theimmune system to normal/disease/infection?
- The TNF family of cytokines and their receptors are critical for the development of secondary lymphoid organs, such as the lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches. As a consequence, knockout mice lacking expression of LT-b fail to develop most of these structures. Reconstitution of irradiated LT-b-deficient mice with bone marrow stem cells from wild-type mice (e.g., LT-b-sufficient) would: Restore all missing lymphoid structures in the recipient mice Restore the missing lymphoid structures but not the missing follicular dendritic cells in the recipient mice Restore the missing follicular dendritic cells but not the missing lymphoid structures in the recipient mice Have no effect on any lymphoid structures in the recipient mice Only restore the proper organization of B cell follicles in the recipient miceBriefly describe the effector functions and mediators of the following CD4 T lymphocyte subsets. List the cytokines and principal transcription factors that induce differentiation of CD4 T cells into these subtypes. (i) Th1 cell (ii) Th2 celDescribe the role of Ras.GTP and Rac.GTP in the formation of active AP-1 during T-cell activation.