Contraction of both skeletal and smooth muscle requires the influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm. Compare and contrast the locations and functions of the molecules to which Ca2+ binds in these muscles and explain the steps that lead to cross-bridge cycling in each type.
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- Contraction of both skeletal and smooth muscle requires the influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm. Compare and contrast the locations and functions of the molecules to which Ca2+ binds in these muscles and explain the steps that lead to cross-bridge cycling in each type.
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- Contraction in both skeletal and smooth muscles requires theinflux of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm. Compare and contrast thelocations and functions of the molecules to which Ca2+ binds inskeletal and smooth muscles, and explain the steps that lead tocross-bridge cycling in each type of muscle.Discuss the similarities and differences by which Ca2+ activity is involved in initiating muscle contraction in skeletal versus smooth muscle fibers (hint: include Ca2+ sources, proteins it binds to, and signaling cascade it activates leading to contraction).What is the maximum distance that diffusion is effective for oxygenating a muscle cell? How does the diffusion rate of oxygen play a role in limiting the fiber diameter for oxidative fibers. Use online sources and present answer as equations or graphically, but be sure that the values are expressed in terms of times and dimensions that are relevant for muscle fibers.
- D. probably do not serve any useful purpose to the cell. E. are directly linked to the microtubule organizing center. QUESTION 28 Sort the following events to reflect the sequence during smooth muscle contraction upon delivery of muscle stimulation. Activation of the myosin light-chain kinase e Interaction of myosin head with actin - Phosphorylation of myosin - Calcium release into the cytoplasm * Activation of calmodulin QUESTION 29 Fish chromatophore cells contain pigment granules that allow the fish to change its color. What would you predict would happen to the pigment granules if you added colchicine to isolated chromatophores? A They would diffuse throughout the cytosol. B. They would disperse along the lengths of the microtubules. C. They would aggregate around the centrosome. D.They would be secreted from the cell. QUESTION 30 What is the major microtubule-organizing center in animal cells? A. the spindle pole body B. the primary cilium C. the cell cortex D.the gamma-tubulin…The concentration of Ca++ in the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber is [ Select ] than that of the extracellular fluid. On the other hand, the sarcoplasmic reticulum has a [ Select ] concentration of Ca++ than the cytoplasm. Done [ Select ] higher lowerAs mentioned in class, one additional major use of ATP in skeletal muscle (besides powering the myosin heads) is the recycling of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after depolarization. The resting concentration of Ca++ in the muscle cell cytoplasm is about 50-100 nM, and the spike concentration after depolarization is about 10-20 μΜ. a) Consider a single sarcomere. What is the number of free calcium ions within the sarcomere at rest? What is the number of free calcium ions after depolarization? b) The major ion pump responsible for calcium ion recycling is SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase). SERCA uses one molecule of ATP to pump two calcium ions, and the resting level can be restored in about 10-20 ms. How many molecules of ATP are used in a single sarcomere for pumping calcium in a single "twitch"? c) Assume that a single "twitch" is sufficient to drive one sarcomere from its fully extended length (about 2.5 µm) to its fully contracted length (about 1…
- Explain how a ligand can bind to a membrane-bound receptor in asmooth muscle cell and cause sustained contraction for a prolongedperiod without a large increase in ATP breakdown (needs a proper explanation and not just 2-3 lines)The electrochemical gradient of a muscle cell at rest or its resting membrane potential is slightly negative inside the plasma membrane and slightly positive just outside the plasma membrane and has an ionic gradient of more potassium ions inside the cell and more sodium ions outside the cell. Therefore, a muscle cell at rest is said to be __________________ and has membrane potential. about to exocytose synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine polarized experiencing an action potential about to allow an influx of potassium ions into the cell depolarizedTroponin C has been mutated such that it cannot bind to calcium. Describe the effect of this mutation on sarcomere shortening in skeletal muscle. A complete answer will describe the normal function of troponin C, the normal process of sarcomere shortening, and will describe the overall effect of the mutation on sarcomere shortening based on troponin C's function and its role in the overall process of sarcomere shortening.
- Impairment of intracellular calcium homeostasis in muscle fibers lead to chronic, severe muscle dysfunction. Impaired Calcium ATPase activity can lead to abnormal, persistent elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations. Explain how persistently high intracellular calcium concentration would affect cross-bridge formation, and muscle contractions, and muscle tension? (Mention the effects on the steps involved cross bridge formation, and muscle contraction/relaxation cycle, and overall muscle tension).Certain multi-headed myosins bind cooperatively to actin filaments. The binding interaction is mainly electrostatic in nature, so the presence of additional salt (ions) in solution can interfere with binding; ions will tend to associate with charged residues on the two proteins, blocking electrostatic attractions that would otherwise take place. Briefly describe the expected shape of the binding curve for one of these myosins, and what will happen to the shape when the salt concentration increases.A 48-year-old man has hepatic cancer that is unresponsive to standard therapy. He enrolls in a clinical study of a novel chemotherapeutic agent that, as a side effect, blocks kinesin, a component of the cellular microtubular transport system. One week later, he develops skeletal muscle weakness An alteration in which of the following components of the neuromuscular junction is the most likely cause of the muscle weakness? (A) A decrease in the number of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors (B) A decrease in the number of presynaptic neurotransmitter vesicles (C) A decrease in the presynaptic neuron calcium permeability (D) Impaired a-motoneuron action potential conduction (E) Impaired skeletal muscle action potential conduction