Convert the following English sentences to first-order logic. • There is a healthy food that is delicious. • Every thing that loves all humans is a dog. • There is a dog that does not love all humans. • Every continent that is not Australia or Antarctica is connected to another continent. • Every thing that walks like a duck and talks like a duck is either a duck or a human imitating a duck. • There is a plane that crashed and none of its passengers died. • Every person who is smart and studies hard will get a higher score than every person who is not smart and does not study hard. • A gold medal is always worth more than a silver medal, if they are medals in the same event. • Every thing that is an enemy of some thing that is an enemy of me is a friend of me (“the enemy of my enemy is my friend”). • There are at least two points on the world such that if from that point x, you travel one meter north, then one meter east, and then one meter south, you are back at point x. (Bonus question (0 points, not related to the course material): what is the set of all of these points?)

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Inference in AI

The inference is finding a conclusion or result based on any data, events, and any information. Usually, there will be a set of conditions and the conclusion is made, which satisfies all the given conditions are true. The conclusion is made according to the inference rules. Any artificial intelligence agent or an intelligent system uses the inference engine to find a better result or output. The work of the inference engine is to analyze the fact and figures based on all circumstances. After the analysis, the machine concludes this fact and gives it to the agent. The agent uses this conclusion for further processing and decision-making. Intelligent systems will generate new logic from existing ones based on the facts.