Describe how the following allosteric effectors regulated Hemoglobin’s O2 affinity: • CO2 • H+ (pH; Explain the basis for the Bohr Effect) • 2,3-BPG • CO
Q: A high-sucrose diet is said to increase the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Explain?
A: Sucrose is a simple form of disaccharide, commonly known as table sugar. Sucrose acts as the general…
Q: 2b) If you denatured the random 1000 bp fragments of potoroo DNA by heating them to 95°C. and then…
A: DNA is the genetic element of the cell. By definition the relative amounts of repeated and unique or…
Q: Q3.1 Describe two ways in which oligosaccharides in human milk provide benefits to newborn babies.…
A: “Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: Sometimes scientists have too much time on their hands! In a 2013 study it was reported that Proline…
A: The total proline in our final 1 ml solution comes from 2 different sources. First source is 10 mg…
Q: Active transport requires energy released by an exergonic process such as the formation of ATP…
A: Active transport system requires energy in order to allow the movement of molecules, mostly the…
Q: QUESTIONS: 1. What is a reducing sugar? 2. Explain why sucrose is not a reducing sugar. 3. How can…
A: All the three questions are related to carbohydrates. They are answered in the next steps.
Q: The enzyme β-methylaspartase catalyzes the deamination of β-methylaspartate. For this aspartate…
A: Enzymes are protein molecules that increase the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation…
Q: G-C A-T OT-A N-C C-G H N=C N-HO Which DNA base pair is represented in this figure? N-HIN HIN I H C-H
A: The monomeric units of DNA or deoxy nucleic acid are called nucleotides. Nucleotides are phosphate…
Q: Which of the following statements is/are TRUE for DNA Replication? Two daughter DNAs are formed,…
A: DNA replication is a process by which 2 copies of DNA are produced from a DNA double helix using…
Q: Determine the Primary amino acid sequence of an Octapeptide Composition · Tyr , Arg，Pro, Lys ,Lys…
A: Introduction Amino acids are building block of proteins. Amino acids contain both amino and…
Q: Voltage-gated K+ channel senses voltage across the plasma membrane and permits selective passage of…
A: A rapid and large changes in membrane potential of nerve cells during which the potential actually…
Q: What is thiamine? How much thiamine do humans need and where can they obtain it? What are some…
A:
Q: Why do we use methanol into the solid phase extraction cartridge to extract the acidic fractions and…
A: The acidic fractions in drugs contains groups such as -COOH. The basic fractions in drugs contains…
Q: Which of the following has the most available energy to extract?
A: Fatty acids are transported into the cell. The enzyme fatty acyl-CoA synthase(FACS) adds a CoA group…
Q: What is the difference between cellobiose & cellulose? A. Cellulose is a starch molecule,…
A: Carbohydrates are linked together via glycosidic bond in order to produce different types of…
Q: Show where trypsin and chymotrypsin would cleave the following peptide.…
A: Note: Hi! Thank you for the question. We are authorized to answer one question at a time. Since you…
Q: Summarize the general characteristics of carbohydrates.
A: Carbohydrates are the chemically polyhydroxy-aldehydes or polyhydroxy-ketones. They are one of the…
Q: Which is the fuel of the electron transport chain? a) acetyl CoA b) FAD c) Carbon dioxide d)…
A: ETC is known as the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain is an essential process…
Q: The total concentration of enzyme in a reaction, [E], is made up of the concentration of enzyme…
A: An enzyme catalyses the reaction S ⇌P. The rate of the reaction depends on the concentration of…
Q: What is the dominant force behind the interaction between side chains of 2 Cys? A H-bond B…
A: Cysteine is a sulphur containing amino acid. It has side chain with thiol group (-SH).
Q: Based on our pka's table, pKa1 of -COOH group of Cys = 1.71 pKa2 of -NH2 group of Cys = 10.78…
A: pKa is defined as the number which indicates the acidity of the particular molecule. It shows the…
Q: Match each weak acid with the pH value at which it would buffer. pH 3 ammonium (PK, of 9.25)…
A: pH is a negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration, or in other words, it is a scale which…
Q: Use the diagram which represents a spontaneous reaction to answer the questions. Is the reaction…
A: A spontaneous reaction is the reaction that is capable of directing the reaction in forward…
Q: Following the production of membrane extracts using the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, you…
A: The methods for cell disruption are host-dependent, and the techniques for recovering membrane…
Q: QUESTION 5 What was the distance (in cm) traveled by the SAMPLE C in the TLC below: 10 6 8 7 56 D 2…
A: TLC is a separation technique in which silica is used as a stationary phase and the non-polar…
Q: Explain why these two DNA samples give different results, when they're both 50% G-C. Fraction of DNA…
A: We know that E. coli is a prokaryote and Potoroo is an eukaryotic animal. The stability of DNA is…
Q: 4 parts Which refers to A. breaking something down in the body. B.Building something in the body?…
A: In human body, numerous reactions goes on. This is called metabolism. Metabolism results from…
Q: 1. Below is a free energy graph for the chemical reaction A + B àD.
A: Free energy is used to determine the state of the any reaction, i.e. how can systems change and also…
Q: The oxidation of glucose takes place in two stages: glycolysis and aerobic respiration. Where in the…
A: Oxidation of glucose refers to the process of producing energy, ie ATP, from glucose. Two metabolic…
Q: You have been observing an insect that defends itself from enemies by secreting a caustic liquid.…
A: Dissociation of formic acid is as follows: HCOOH + H2O ↔ HCOO- + H3O Here, HCOOH –> Formic acid…
Q: Which statement about the ETC is/are FALSE?
A: ETC or the electron transport chain is a collection of protein complexes and other molecules bounded…
Q: Which of the following is an example of a secondary active transport? a. CPT-I b. O2 pump c.…
A: Transport across the plasma membrane is classified as passive and active. Passive transport is the…
Q: Which of the following statements about the ß-oxidation cycle is/are TRUE? A. The fatty acyl…
A: In the Beta-oxidation of fatty acid cycle, there are four steps involved : 1. First Oxidation -…
Q: QUESTIONS: 1. Explain why a vegetable and fruit diet alkalinize blood pH. 2. What are the four major…
A: Diet is a combination of substances that we take throughout a day. These can be a combination of…
Q: Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction, part of tricarboxylic acid cycle, shown below. malate +…
A: "Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first three questions for you. If you…
Q: In most cases the peptide bond is in the trans conformation. What statement below best explains this…
A: In proteins the adjacent amino acids are held together via peptide bonds . A peptide bond is an…
Q: 35. What is the approximate pl for the peptide MEKVDRP. Because this is a peptide, assume the pka…
A: Peptide : Peptides are short or small chains of amino acids having about 2-50 amoino acids. As amino…
Q: Type of chlorophyll only found in eukaryotes. a.Chl b b.Chl a c.Chl d d.Chl c
A: Introduction: The green color of the plant is due to this chemical called chlorophyll which is used…
Q: 1. Draw the structures of the 20 biologically active AA. Under each structure, write the name,…
A: Amino acids are compound containing C, H, O and N. They act as building blocks ( monomer) of…
Q: What are the three names for the metabolic cycle that occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria?…
A: In the eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. The proton…
Q: describe each dosage form and enumerate and describe each kind. EMULSIONS-3 KINDS SOLUTIONS-3 KINDS
A: An emulsion is colloid made up of mixture of 2 or more liquids that are sparingly soluble in each of…
Q: What nutrients do the following media components contain? Peptone Yeast extract Beef…
A: “Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three sub-parts…
Q: TRUE or FALSE. If false, write the word/s that make(s) the statement incorrect. 1.The Okazaki…
A: The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA, RNA to protein synthesis is called central dogma.…
Q: Lab 2 Worksheet (cont.) Practice with Solution Calculations How many grams are needed to make each…
A: Stock solution is concentrated solution therefore we need to dilute it to make working solution.…
Q: Name two important outcomes of catabolism?
A: Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units. Redox…
Q: b) You walk into university and see that everyone has become a unicorn. You try to hide in bluezone…
A: Kinases are enzymes which are responsible for phosphorylating the target protein or molecule. This…
Q: Structures of L-Cysteine from highly protonated to depronated form. Note Structure A as the most…
A: pKa is defined as the number which indicates the acidity of the particular molecule. It shows the…
Q: Identify if the statements are TRUE or FALSE. If false, write the word/s that make(s) the statement…
A: Transamination is a chemical reaction that is responsible for the deamination of most amino acids.…
Q: For one molecule of the fatty acid as shown in the picture, How many molecules of FADH2 can be…
A: Fatty acid oxidation is the aerobic process of breaking down a fatty acid into acetyl-CoA units by…
Q: 8. Reversible precipitation of protei ns from aqueous solutions can be made under action of: A.…
A: Proteins are composed of amino acids. They are linked together by peptide linkages. Proteins have…
Describe how the following allosteric effectors regulated
Hemoglobin’s O2 affinity:
• CO2
• H+ (pH; Explain the basis for the Bohr Effect)
• 2,3-BPG
• CO
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 4 images
- 2,3 BPG is an allosteric effector that decrease haemoglobin affinity for oxygen by stabilizing the T-state of deoxyhaemoglobin. This lead to the release of oxygen to cells and body tissues for use. H atom and CO2 are also allosteric effector and can do same. How?The 2-3 phosphoglycerate (BFG) binds to the central gap formed by the hemoglobin monomers (a2b2) facilitating the reversible release of oxygen. Approximate relationships between BFG concentrations in red blood cells and Pos in hemoglobin are in the table.a) Draw the reaction schemeb) Write the forces that condition the union between hemoglobin and BFGBPC is a heterotropic allosteric modulator. in which way does this compound change the uptake and release of oxygen in hemoglobin?
- Hemoglobin from different species can have different numbers of subunits. Let's consider three hemoglobin molecules: n = 1, n = 4, and n = 8, where each subunit has an oxygen P50 = 30 torr. (Recall that Pso is essentially a Kp and that oxygen partial pressure (torr) is directly proportional to concentration.) Which molecule transports the most O2 between the lungs (pO2 = 100 torr) and peripheral tissues (pO2 = 30 torr)? Please justify your answer.What is the role of 2, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in the function of haemoglobin as an oxygen carrier molecule? Explain the binding mechanism and effect of 2,3-BPG leading to the reduced oxygen binding affinity for haemoglobin and transitions in the T (deoxygenated) and R (oxygenated) states of haemoglobin.1.1 ;) The diagram on the right compares the O2 binding prop- 1.0 erties or normal adult hemoglobin (HbA) to those of one dubbed Hb Great-Lakes characterized by the mutation Leu(B68)His. In the dia- gram Y = fraction of heme groups with bound O2, and pO2, the par- tial pressure of O2 above the solution, is measured in units of torr or mmHg. Hb Great Lakes %3D 0.8 Hb A 0.6 Draw the corresponding Hill plot, being careful to reproduce graph- ically the dissociation equilibrium constant for O2 binding (Ko2) for Y each hemoglobin and to show the difference in the extent of allo- stery or cooperativity of subunit interaction in each type of hemo- globin. 0.4 You need draw only the central, linear portion of the Hill plot. 0.2 F State what is the likely magnitude of the Hill constant (nH) for HbA from your reading and state what is the likely range of the magni- tude of the Hill coefficient for Hb Great Lakes. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 pO2 (torr)
- What qualitative effect would you expect each of the following to have onthe P50 of hemoglobin?(a) Increase in pH from 7.2 to 7.4(b) Increase in PCO2 from 20 to 40 mm Hg(c) Dissociation into monomer polypeptide chains(d) Decrease in 2,3-BPG concentration from 7 mM to 5 mM in red cells.) Dr Merrick is so excited to know the affinity constant Kd values for O2 binding to mammoth OBP and elephant hemoglobin at pH=7, that he starts speculating about the kinetics of binding to O2. If the ka value of mammoth EHb-O2 complex was the same as the ka value of mammoth OBP-O2 complex, what would be the ratio between the kd values of these complexes? Explain your reasoning. Hint: we are looking for the ratio kd(EHb)/kd(OBP) at pH=7.From the figure of O2 binding to myoglobin and hemoglobin (ignore the linemarked as T) as described in lecture (shown below) answer the following questions. a) Estimate the P50 for myoglobin from the plot. Show how this estimation isdetermined from the binding curve above. ( The first ghraph) b)Using YO2 = PO2/P50 + PO2 , calculate the fraction of O2 bound for myoglobin at 1 torr. (2nd graph) c)Using the binding curve on the previous page, show how you can estimate whatfraction of hemoglobin is bound near tissues at a pO2 of 30 torr and provide this value. If the pH were lowered, will the amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin at 30 torr increaseor decrease? Explain why this is so based on how this changes hemoglobin structure. If 2,3-BPG were added to the solution, will the amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin at30 torr increase or decrease? Explain why this is so based on how this changes hemoglobinstructure.
- What is the function of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)? Why do red blood cells have large amounts of BPG?Why people with PK deficiency may tolerate a lower hemoglobin level than people with other types of anemia in which 2,3-DPG is not elevated? explain as simple as possibleCompared to adult Hb (HbA), fetal Hb (HbF) has one less histidine in the central cavity where BPG binds. What is the consequence of this difference in the P50 value? a The P50 value of HbF approaches zero torr at high O2 partial pressures. b The P50 value of HbF approaches 100 torr at high O2 partial pressures. c HbA has a smaller P50 value compared to HbF d HbF and HbA have the same P50 value. e HbF has a smaller P50 value compared to HbA
