Discuss the following statement: “mobile genetic elements are parasites. They are harmful to the host organism and therefore place it at an evolutionary disadvantage.”
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A: Answer
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Q: Whether the statement "Horizontal gene transfer is more prevalent in single-celled organisms than in…
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A: Hello. Since your question has multiple parts, we will solve the first question for you. If you want…
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Q: Explain the impact of bacterial horizontal gene transfer in medicine?
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Q: Describe the impact of lateral gene transfer on bacterial genome evolution
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Q: What is horizontal gene transfer? How might it take place between different species of bacteria?
A: The transmission of the gene between different organisms is known as gene transfer. Gene transfer…
Discuss the following statement: “mobile genetic elements are
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- In terms of microbial pathogenicity, molecular Koch's postulates are a set of experimental criteria that show: A microbe is the aetiological agent of a disease A gene encodes a product that contributes to disease A gene encodes a product that contributes to immunity to a disease A mutation does not contribute to diseaseThe epidemiological or disease triangle is a model of disease causation that proposes three factors contribute to an outbreak – an agent that causes the disease, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. Some general changes within these three factors that may cause an infectious disease to emerge include: A. changes in populations or behavior of reservoir hosts or intermediate hosts B. microbial genetic mutation and viral genetic recombination or assortment C. environmental factors such as an increase in precipitation D. all of the above E. none of the aboveCompare parasitism and mutualism for the two factors (A and B) below. A) What distinguishes these two strategies from the other strategies for interaction? B) What is the long-term benefit to the micro-symbiont as far as access to a new host? C) What is the cost (e.g. DNA that needs to be maintained)?
- There are concerns about overuse and misuse of antibacterial drugs, and the association of these with increased antibiotic resisstance in bacteria. Of the following, which best explains this? Antibiotic exposure directly causes many of bacterial in a population to mutate and develop new antibiotic resistance traits. If antibiotic use occurs repeatedly in a person, the dosage of the drug needs to be increased to work in a patient’s system because he/she will develop physiological tolerance to the antibiotic. Exposure to an antibiotic causes bacteria to die or become stronger; stronger bacteria will be better able to cope with additional exposures to any antibiotic drug, eventually becoming immune to all antibiotics. Antibiotics kill susceptible cells and even a small number of existing resistant bacteria that survive will become the majority of the population that remains, leading to populations that are resistant to this drug.The epidemiological or disease triangle is a model of disease causation that proposes three factors contribute to an outbreak - an agent that causes the disease, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. Some general changes within these three factors that may cause an infectious disease to emerge include: A. changes in populations or behavior of reservoir hosts or intermediate hosts B. microbial genetic mutation and viral genetic recombination or assortment C. environmental factors such as an increase in precipitation D. all of the above E. none of the above"Horizontal gene transfer is more prevalent in single-celled organisms than in multicellular organisms" is true or false.
- An antibiotic is effective in killing 95% of a population 9) of bacteria that reproduce by the process shown below. Which of the following statements best describes future generations of these bacteria? A) They will be produced by sexual reproduction and will be just as susceptible to the antibiotic. B) They will be produced by asexual reproduction and will be just as susceptible to the antibiotic. C) They will be produced by asexual reproduction and will be more resistant to the antibiotic. D) They will be produced by sexual reproduction and will be more resistant to the antibiotic.Select all the statements that are true regarding the drug treatments available for infectious diseases.□ Antiviral drugs are harder to develop than antibiotics because viruses must use our cellular machinery replicate. □ Very few anti-parasitic drugs exist because diseases caused by Eukaryotes are extremely rare all over the world.□ Fewer drugs are available to treat Eukaryotic pathogens because their physiology and functions are very similar to our own.□ Development of antiparasitic drugs are a low priority because the diseases they treat tend to occur in poor countries, and drug companies can't make money.□ Antivirals may quit working because rates of viral mutation are very high.□ There are more antiviral drugs than atibiotics because antiviral drugs are very easy and cheap to make.Which of the following is a pyrimidine (one type of nitrogenous base) that is commonly found in all DNA molecules, but is not commonly found in all RNA molecules? adenosine cytidine thymine guanine uracil If retroviruses like HIV follow the historical pattern of a parasite adapting to a new host species (like syphilis in Europe over the past 500 years), then rapid virulence initially would likely be followed by: increasing virulence of the parasite, and decreasing resistance of the host increasing virulence of the parasite, and increasing resistance of the host decreasing virulence of the parasite, and decreasing resistance of the host decreasing virulence of the parasite, and increasing resistance of the host all of the above outcomes would be equally likely
- Select all of the following that applies to the tradeoff between transmission and virulence that applies to many diseases. a) The tradeoff between transmission and virulence means that diseases always evolve to become more virulent. b) If greater virulence limits transmission, that disease will likely evolve to become less virulent than it could be. c) While making more copies of itself can increase the likelihood of transmission occurring, too much replication of the disease can make the host so sick it won't leave the house and spread the disease. d) A strain of a disease that replicates enough to be transmitted, but not so much that the host gets too sick to move, will be favored by natural selection over strains that either make the host too sick or do not replicate enough to be transmitted. e) If a disease can spread without making its host sick (e.g. when the host is asymptomatic), then the tradeoff between transmission and virulence…This article highlights a young doctor at Elmhurst Hospital during the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic. Dr. Zikry is quoted as saying: “It’s become very clear to me what a socioeconomic disease this is...”. In addition, the textbook discusses the personal variables and socioeconomic status (SES) that are used to find patterns in disease (pp.112-118). What do you think Dr. Zikry meant by referring to the SES of his patients? Why was it important to find a pattern of personal variables and SES among the of victims of Covid-19 at the beginning of the pandemic?All of the following are true statements concerning plasmids EXCEPT: O 1) They can carry genes that confer resistance against antibiotics 2) They can be found in bacteria, fungi, and protozoa 3) They carry genes that are required for growth and repair 4) They are small circular molecules of DNA. O 5) They can replicate autonomously