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Describe each of the following terms.
Q.3.2 Disutility
Q.3.3 Explicit cost
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- Economic Epidemiology Suppose that some members of a population are infected with a sexually transmitted virus that causes disease X, and some are infected with another sexually transmitted virus that causes disease Y. Some members of the population may be infected with both viruses. While diseases X and Y are similar in that they are both sexually transmitted diseases, the disease X is much more harmful to its carriers than the disease Y is to its carriers. Condom use is highly effective in preventing the transmission of either disease. Suppose scientists discover a cure for the sexually transmitted disease X. This cure (a vaccination) will eliminate the virus causing the disease X from its carrier before its carrier can suffer any harm from the virus. Everybody is immediately given this vaccination against the disease X. a What do you expect to happen to the prevalence of the virus causing the disease X in the population? Draw a graph with time on the horizontal axis and prevalence…Compare and contrast two quantitative tools for decision-making in conditions of certaintyThe Chief Medical Officer has advised the government that consumption of widget-corn improves the survival rate of COVID-19 by 20%. Suppose the supply and demand functions for widget-corn are: QD = 100 – 5P QS = 5P. P is the price in dollar and Q is the quantity in kilograms. Having confirmed the positive impact of widget-corn consumption on COVID-19 patients, the government has ordered widget-corn sellers to charge $5 per kilogram. Calculate the impact of the policy on the quantity of widget-corn supplied and demanded. Explain the impact of the policy consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total economic surplus. Is the outcome of the government’s policy efficient and, therefore, maintained or abandoned? Explain in detail.
- describe how COVID-19 may differentially affect families across the socioeconomic spectrum. That is, how might the consequences of COVID-19 for families with low SES be similar to or different from the consequences of COVID-19 for families with high SES?The insured population requiring care from the health services falls into one of two groups (pathologies to treat): type A and type B patients. Let's assume that there is only one patient per group. So, there are patients of one type (A) with a disease that reduces their health status in 5 QALYS, and there are patients of another type (B) with an illness that reduces their health status in 3 QALYS. Several drugs are available to the population. The more expensive they are, the greater their efficacy and the greater the number of QALYS gained. The price of a drug is related to its effectiveness and the price of the drug rises by one monetary unit for each additional QALY it provides. Therefore, to be able to restore their health, type A patients need a drug priced at 5 monetary units, and type B patients need a drug priced at 3 monetary units. Both patients (A and B) have the same income, 10 monetary units. What sacrifice, in welfare units per QALY, must a type B patient endure to be…Reducing mortality from one disease necessarily increases the sum of the total mortality risk from all other causes of death. True False
- An article in JAMA by Mandelblatt et al (2002) compared the societal costs and benefits of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, Pap testing, and their combination to screen for cervical cancer. The paper studied 18 different population screening strategies – Pap testing alone, HPV testing alone, and Pap plus HPV testing – every 2 or 3 years for women beginning at age 20 and continuing to 65 years, 75 years, and death. The following table summarizes some of the results (low cost to high cost). Costs include screening and treatment costs, discounted over the individual’s expected lifetime. Strategy Cost ($) QALYs Saved Incremental Cost Incremental QALY ICER* 0. No screening 5,000 26.87 1. Pap every 3 years to age 75 6,825 27.02 2. HPV every 3 years to age 75 6,950 27.02 3. Pap every 2 years to age 75 7,275 27.04 4. Pap + HPV every 3 years to age 75 7,400 27.04 5. HPV every 2 years to age 75 7,450…In 2018, 10,500 individuals lived in the community of Strängsboda. Fifty-two percent were men. Of these, a total of 254 had men prostate cancer in 2018, the product 20 people had contracted prostate cancer in 2018. a) Calculate the incidence of prostate cancer among men in Strängsboda in 2018. b) Calculate the prevalence of prostate cancer among men in Strängsboda in 2018.Assume that people receiving intervention A live 5 years at quality of life of 0.8 and people receiving intervention B live 10 years at quality of life of 0.4. Assume further that the two intervention have equal costs. Compare the cost-effectiveness of these interventions relative to each other and discuss how that would be altered by inclusion of future costs for younger adults and older adults.
- The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted both the education and health system in most, if not all, nations in the world. The scarring effects of the pandemic are predicted to be long-lasting, some of which are the fear of learning-loss and lower future earnings for the current students. Provide evidence(s) that support and/or contradict this statement! If such scarring is expected to occur, would the scarring effects would be worse for the developing countries than the developed ones, and whether the effects would be worse for certain groups such as the poor, women, children, etc.!This is the ultility function of the Overlapping genrations model. The question is what does alpha stand for ?People who drop out of high school are able to produce more health than college graduates because they have more free time to invest in health production. True False