Enzyme b. Binding: Electrostatic Forces Substrates bind to receptors and enzymes through non-covalent interactions (intermolecular forces – IMF). Below is a cartoon of a part of a ligand or substrate interacting with an enzyme (blue line). There are two aspartic acid side chains of the enzyme that are interacting with the substrate (dashed lines). Identify the intermolecular forces. OH R Asp 125 -4----* H-o Asp25 Enzyme Active Site

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Micelles and Biological Membrane

Micelles are the type of lipid molecules that organize themselves in spherical shape in aqueous solutions. The production of the micelle is a reply to the amphipathic behavior of fatty acids. It means that they consist of both hydrophobic regions and hydrophilic regions. In micelles, polar head groups (hydrophilic groups) produce an outer layer associated with water whereas nonpolar tails (hydrophobic groups) are organized in the interior.