Enzymes, proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are important biological macromolecules. Enzymes are not only speed up the reaction, but also are necessary for DNA reproduction. c) Describe an example of biomedical application that utilizes a protein folding technique. d) Describe the effect of pH on the oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin.

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Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.