Epithelium–Mesenchyme transitions (MET or EMT) are crucial morphogenetic events occurring during gastrulation. Give at least 3 specific examples of embryonic structures that develop in this manner, and the regulatory mechanisms that govern this transition
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Epithelium–Mesenchyme transitions (MET or EMT) are crucial morphogenetic events occurring during gastrulation. Give at least 3 specific examples of embryonic structures that develop in this manner, and the regulatory mechanisms that govern this transition.
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- Epithelium–Mesenchyme transitions (MET or EMT) are crucial morphogenetic events occurring during gastrulation. Give at least 3 specific examples of embryonic structures that develop in this manner, and the regulatory mechanisms that govern this transition. How would our understanding of this regulation affect cancer prognosis and treatment?Classify and diagram embryos on the basis of their: (a) yolk content, (b) cleavage types, (3) cleavage patterns. Give examples for each. Egg Types and Cleavage Yolk Content Types of Cleavage Pattern of Cleavage Model Organism(s) Oligolecithal/ isolecithal MesolecithalDuring the formation of mesoderm and its derivative structures and tissues, several of the five essential developmental processes take place. Choose two of these essential processes and describe how and when they occur during the formation and development of mesoderm and its derivatives. Be specific about the cells, tissues, and organs involved and the results
- If cells choose to become trophoblast, they will end up in the placenta. If they choose to become ICM, they will give rise to the 3 germ layers that will make up the rest of the body of the embryo. Explain what rpocesses or mechanisms will guide them to make the right decision. Do they have a choice?There are 6 major events in fertilization. Discuss the process of fertilization or conception, with emphasis on the sperm-egg interaction. Proteins on the sperm plasma membrane bind to ZP3 molecules within the zona pellucida of the egg. Why is this event important? Zona binding triggers the acrosome reaction, in which the sperm plasma membrane fuses with the outer acrosomal membrane, causing exocytosis of acrosomal contents. What is in the "acrosomal content"? Acrosomal enzymes begin to dissolve a hole in the zona pellucida. This enzymatic degradation, accompanied by rapid sperm tail beating, moves the sperm through the zona. Where does the sperm intend to reach?ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING EVENTS IN CORRECT SEQUENCE from 1-13: Penetration of the zona pellucida Cortical reaction 1st cleavage Acrosomal membranes rupture, and release their enzyme contents Penetration of the corona radiata Depolarization of egg membranes Migration of cortical cytoplasm to form gray crescent Sperm attach loosely on the zona pellucida Zona reaction Oocyte completes meiotic division ZP3 tenaciously binds acrosome-intact sperm Release of Ca+2 in egg cytoplasm from its bound state Amphimixis
- Describe the development of reproductive organs in a fetus of each gender. Which genes, gene products, and hormones are involved in the sex differences? Which sex- related hormones are circulating in high concentrations in a pregnant woman compared to a nonpregnant woman? Do these hormones cross the placenta (if you are uncertain, consider hormone chemical class relative to membrane permeability to make an educated guess)? Assuming these hormones do cross the placenta, how do they affect the hormonal environment inside the fetus, and how does this relate to fetal reproductive development?Briefly discuss the important events occurring during gastrulation and neurulation in avian embryogenesis, with emphasis on the importance/role of the following: the epiblast layer; the hypoblast layer; the primitive streak; and the Hensen’s node. Include a brief discussion on how the extraembryonic membranes arise from the germ layers formed during gastrulation.List and describe some developmental anomalies associated with gastrulation.
- Trophoblast or ICM? If cells choose to become trophoblast, they will end up in the placenta. If they choose to become ICM, they will give rise to the 3 germ layers that will make up the rest of the body of the embryo. Answer the following questions: What will guide them to make the right decision? Do they have a choice?Name the 3 components of the blastocyst at the time of implantation and what into what do they develop? What is polyspermy and how is it achieved or inhibited in human fertilisation? Using a flowchart illustrate the positive feedback mechanism that occurs during (i) lactation and (ii) parturitionWhich of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the events following fertilization? Select one: a. Only the inner cell mass cells in a blastocyst are pluripotent. b. The trophoblast has an important role in maintaining the pregnancy, as it prevents the endometrium from shedding. c. As hCG takes over maintaining the endometrium immediately after implantation, the corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albican. d. All 16 cells in a morula are truly totipotent, meaning that they can become any cells in the human body.