Exhibit 14A-2 Macro AD-AS Model Price Level CPI 130 120 110 100 90 O 1 1 1 1 1 1 9.0 1 1 9.5 LRAS SRAS AD 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 Real GDP (trillions of dollars per year) In Exhibit 14A-2, the intersection of AD with SRAS indicates: O a short-run equilibrium. O a long-run equilibrium. O that the economy needs policies to reduce unemployment. O that the economy is at full employment.
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- 1. Aggregate expenditures and income The following table shows consumption (C), investment (1), government spending (G), and net exports (X-M) in a hypothetical economy for various levels of real GDP (Y). Assume that the price level remains unchanged at all levels of income. All figures are in billions of dollars. Compute aggregate expenditures for each income level and fill in the last column In the following table. Y с G 500 525 250 150 600 550 250 150 575 250 150 600 250 150 -200 900 625 250 150 -200 700 800 AL AGGREGATE EXPENDITURES (Billions of dollars) The following graph shows real GDP on the horizontal axis and aggregate expenditures (AE) on the vertical axis. The orange line (square symbols) represents a 45-degree (Y-AE) line. 1000 Use the blue points (circle symbol) to plot the aggregate expenditures line for this economy. Line segments will automatically connect the points. 900 300 I 700 X-M Aggregate Expenditures -200 725 -200 750 775 800 825 600 500 + -200 AE line *+…"The following chart indicates the aggregate demand (AD) and short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) schedules of decision- makers for the current period. Both buyers and sellers previ- ously anticipated that the price level during the current period would be P 105 a. Indicate the quantity of GDP that will be produced during this period. b. Will it be a long-run equilibrium level of GDP? Why or why not? c. What will the relationship between the actual and natural rates of unemployment be during the period? Explain 20 your answer.. Suppose the United States economy is repre- sented by the following equations: Z = C + I + G, C = 500 + 0.75YD, T = 600, I = 300, YD = Y − T , G = 2000 Given the above variables, calculate the equilibrium level of output. assume that government spending decreases from 2000 to 1900. What is the new equilibrium level of output? How much does income change as a result of this event? What is the multiplier for this economy?
- Without looking at Table 19.7, return to Figure 19.10. If we define a recession as a significant decline in national output, can you identify any post-1960 recessions in addition to the 20082009 recession? (This requires a judgment call.)National Income 100 200 300 400 500 600 O 104 324 O374 This is a table for Keynesian cross diagram. 540 After-tax income Consumption 104 I+G+X below gives the data necessary to make a Keynesian cross diagram. Assume that the tax rate is 0.4 of national income, the MPC out of after-tax income is 0.9, investment is 58, government spending is 60, exports are 40, and imports are 0.1 of after-tax income. What does consumption equal when income equals 600? Minus Imports Aggregate Expenditures The chartWhen comparing National with Regional Input-Output models, the issue of “leakages” often comes up. what is a “leakage? Also explain the impact that a leakage has on an economy’s multipliers and what this means for measure of economic impact
- Which of the following policies will NOT shift the Aggregate Expenditure curve upward? Select one: O a. increasing autonomous taxes O b. decreasing autonomous taxes O c. increasing autonomous transfer payments O d. increasing government expenditures on goods and servicesRefer to the following equations which describe a hypothetical economy. C 150 + 0.6Y %3D 1. 100 %3D 50 Under what level of output would there be an unplanned increase in inventory? Select one: a. 800 b. 600 c. 500 O d. 400Assume an economy operates in the intermediaterange of its aggregate supply curve. State thedirection of shift for the aggregate demandor aggregate supply curve for each of thefollowing changes in conditions. What is theeffect on the price level? On real GDP? Onemployment?a. The price of crude oil rises significantly.b. Spending on national defense doubles.c. The costs of imported goods increase.d. An improvement in technology raises laborproductivity.
- 9. Economic fluctuations II The following graph shows the aggregate demand curve (AD), the short-run aggregate supply curve (AS), and the long-run aggregate supply curve (LRAS) for a hypothetical economy. Initially, the expected price level equals the actual price level, and the economy experiences long-run equilibrium at a natural level of output of $110 billion. Suppose a bout of severe weather drives up agricultural costs, increases the costs of transporting goods and services, and increases the costs of producing goods and services. Use the graph to help you answer the questions about the short-run and long-run effects of the increase in production costs that follow. (Note: You will not be graded on any adjustments made to the graph.) Hint: For simplicity, ignore any possible impact of the severe weather on the natural level of output. LEVEL 130 125 120 115 110 LRAS AS AD AS ?Still with the same data on Macroland, a closed economy with no government sector, and with fixed price level and interest rate. Fill-in the blank in the following table, then answer the following question. GDP Yd Iplanned lunplanned 20 22 30 50 30 80 30 100 70 30 The Macroland's government reduced its taxes by 20, the income- expenditure equilibrium is expected to be: O 50 O 80 O 100 O 150COURSE: MACROECONOMICS - IS-LM and/or MUNDELL FLEMING MODELS Refer to 2 different models (and/or conditions) under which an increase in the amount of money circulating in the economy has a NULL impact on GDP. Then, refer to 2 different models (and/or conditions) under which an increase in the amount of money circulating in the economy has a MAXIMUM impact on GDP. EXPLAIN very briefly the mechanism by which each model generates that NULL or MAXIMUM impact on GDP. Hint: 2 conditions under increase of M (money) and how impact null (zero) and maximum on GDP. Example, considering both fiscal or monetary policies or liquidity trap model. Please graph and explain on detail both cases.