Experienced runners know that it is poor practice to ingest large amounts of glucose immediately before running a marathon. What is the metabolic basis for this apparent paradox?
Q: Which of the following is FALSE about glycolysis?
A: Glycolysis is breakdown of glucose into pyruvate or lactate. Enzymes for glycolysis are located in…
Q: There must be a way to shut down glycogen breakdown quickly to prevent the wasteful depletion of…
A: Glucose is the energy source of energy in the body. Glucose is stored to form a storage polymer,…
Q: Discuss Under which conditions ketone bodies will be generated in our body
A: Ketone bodies are generated through ketogenesis. These are water-soluble compounds that are formed…
Q: After several days of starvation, the capacity of the liver to metabolize acetyl-CoA via the citric…
A: The citric acid cycle is involved in cell respiration and produces NADH and FADH2 for the electron…
Q: Is ketogenesis anabolic or catabolic? Thus, what initiates the ketogenesis in our body?
A: Most of the acetyl-CoA produced during fatty acid oxidation is used by the citric acid cycle or in…
Q: What effect is observed on the rate of gluconeogenesis under each of the following conditions? a.…
A: Carbohydrates and fatty acids are oxidized to generate energy for metabolic processes. Carbohydrates…
Q: During ketosis brought on by a ketogenic diet, liver gluconeogenesis rates are high
A: Ketosis is a process when body starts burning the fats for energy due to insufficient amount of…
Q: In a state of starvation, several changes happen within our bodies. Discuss these metabolic changes?
A: Glucose is the main substrate for carrying out cellular metabolism in the body, which is derived…
Q: After the reserve has been depleted during starvation, how would the body obtain more glucose?
A: Glucose is the main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body's…
Q: you follow a carbohydrate-free diet, certain metabolic problems occur. Describe glucogenesis and the…
A: Glucogenesis is the formation of glucose within an animal body from any product of glycolysis.…
Q: If metabolites from fats, amino acids and lactate are to be converted to glucose, which of the…
A: Fats or fatty acids are oxidized through the process of beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix.…
Q: After exercise, people often consume carbohydrate-rich foods to restock their glycogen stores. How…
A: Carbohydrates are the sugar molecules that play an important role in providing energy to the human…
Q: The rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid synthesis pathway is
A: Fatty acids can be synthesized from carbs and amino acid when taken in excess. The enzymes required…
Q: Explain why glucose shows mutarotation?
A: According to the question, we have to give an explanation why glucose shows mutarotation. So, let us…
Q: How is the ability to store glucose as glycogen related to the general principle of physiology that…
A: Physiological processes are the approaches by which biomolecules, cells, tissues, organs and organ…
Q: Experienced runners know that it is poor practice to ingest very large amounts of glucose/sucrose…
A: After having a meal insulin start acting on the ingested food to regulate the glucose level.
Q: Adults engaged in strenuous physical activity require an intake of about 160 g of carbohydrate daily…
A: Carbohydrate is considered as the major source of the energy in the body. These are utilized though…
Q: Which one of the following organs/tissues has a strict glucose requirement for their energy…
A: Metabolism is a complex process and involves the conversion of calories into energy that is utilised…
Q: glycogenolysis in muscle cells do not generate free glucose
A: Glycogenolysis is the process of degradation of the glycogen molecule to glucose-6-phosphate…
Q: What impact would an increase in intramitochondrial oxaloacetate have on fatty acid synthesis?…
A: Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains. Fatty acids undergo β oxidation when…
Q: How will high concentrations of AMP, citrate and fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate, respectively, tend to…
A: In regulation of glycolysis different factors are involved which affects the rate of glycolysis.
Q: Prior to a marathon run, an athlete consumes large amounts of complex carbohydrates to do what is…
A: Complex carbohydrates: Contain long sugar molecule chains in which the molecules are bound together.…
Q: Which carbon or carbons of glucose, if metabolized via glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, would…
A: Metabolic pathways involve catabolic reactions such as glycolysis and the Kreb cycle. These pathways…
Q: Why glucose is used to replenish water, lost nutrients and provide carbohydrate calories for…
A: Glucose is a carbohydrate monomer that is necessary for the normal functioning of the cells in the…
Q: What factor will increase metabolic rate many times more than any supplement?
A: Metabolism includes various chemical processes which occurs continously inside the body which helps…
Q: Are fatty foods always rich in calories? and Why?
A: Fats are the important macronutrients. There are two types of fats are there they are saturated and…
Q: why are ketones formed during starvation
A: Biochemical reactions involves a series enzyme-catalyzed reactions that involves the generation of a…
Q: Describe the activation of fatty acids. What is the energy cost for the process?
A: The terminating chain of hydrocarbons that consist of groups of carboxylic acids is called fatty…
Q: Glycolysis is regulated primarily by
A: Glycolysis is a catabolic process where the six molecular compound glucose was oxidized into three…
Q: Why is the process of activation a useful strategy in metabolism?
A: Metabolism is the process, which involves the processing of the nutrients in order to acquire energy…
Q: In beta oxidation fatty acids are oxidized. What is reduced?
A: Beta oxidation of fatty acid: This is the catabolism of saturated fatty acid in the cytoplasm. This…
Q: After prolonged exercise the body becomes depleted of glycogen. Which type of diet will lead to a…
A: High fat and high protein diet do not replenish glycogen quickly.
Q: Glucose binds to glycogen phosphorylase and competitively inhibits the enzyme. What is the…
A: Glucose belongs to the category of carbohydrates and is a monosaccharide. Plants and some algae…
Q: Why must the breakdown of molecules for energy in the body occur in several steps, rather than in…
A: The breakdown or catabolism of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins occurs in…
Q: Define glucose
A: Several biomolecules are present in nature that are necessary for our body. Biomolecules are simple…
Q: Correlate the importance of Citric Acid Cycle in maintaining the glucose hemeostasis.
A: The citric acid cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl CoA into CO2 and H2O. It is the final common…
Q: Why would a tissue such as the heart rely on fatty acid catabolism for most of its energetic needs?
A: The heart is the main organ in the body by pumping blood to the main organs of the body and tissues…
Q: Patients with von Gierke’s disease (a glycogen storage disease) lack glucose-6- phosphatase…
A: Von Gierke's disease is also called as glycogen storage disease type I. It is a genetic disorder…
Q: Explain why the first step of glucose catabolism is necessary.
A: The catabolism of Glucose, i.e., Glycolysis, is very important for the cell as glucose is the main…
Q: why high levels of glucose will produce more citric acid? explain in details please
A: Glucose is the primary energy source for humans and many other organisms. Starch is digested in the…
Q: What is the effect of the cholesterol diet on the amount of HMGCoA reductase protein?
A: Cholesterol is a compound which consist of cyclic ring and it is essential component which is…
Q: During glycolysis, fructose 1,6-biphosphate splits into two compounds: ______________ after reacting…
A: The process of glycolysis is defined as the multistep pathway that aims at the production of…
Q: The heart cannot convert lactate back to glucose, as the liver does, but instead uses it as a fuel.…
A: Aerobic respiration splits into three main phases, including glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETS…
Q: Explain how fatty acid metabolism is regulated
A: Fatty acid metabolism consists of various metabolic processes involving or closely related to fatty…
Q: The carrier of carbon dioxide in fatty acid synthesis is____________________.
A: The formation of the fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH refers to fatty acid synthesis. The…
Experienced runners know that it is poor practice to ingest large amounts of glucose immediately before running a marathon. What is the
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- During the initial phase of exercise, muscles can become hypoxic which leads to the buildup of lactate. a) Fully explain how oxygen shortage can lead to the accumulation of lactate in the muscles. b) Describe how lactate (often seen as a waste product) can produce glucose via gluconeogenesis.Muscles may become hypoxic during the early stages of exercise, causing lactate to build up. a) Describe in detail how a lack of oxygen might cause lactate to build up in the muscles. b) Explain how lactate (typically thought of as a waste product) may be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis.Which of the following describes the changes in metabolic pathways that occur during exercise? Question 12 options: a) Increased glycogenolysis b) Increased degradation of protein c) Decreased lipolysis d) Decreased gluconeogenesis
- Discuss briefly (in less than 100 words) the practice of carbohydrate loading for endurance in aerobic exercise. What is the role of glycogen metabolism (glycogenesis and glycogenolysis) and glycolysis in carbohydrate loading? Why is this practice more productive than usual without carbohydrate loading?Ingesting large amounts of glucose before a marathon might seem to be a good way of increasing the fuel stores. However, experienced runners do not ingest glucose before a race. What is the biochemical reason for their avoidance of this potential fuel? (Hint: Consider the effect of glucose ingestion on the level of insulin.)Discuss briefly the principle involved in the estimation of blood glucose by the glucose oxidase method.
- Since ancient times it has been observed that certain game birds, such as grouse, quail, and pheasants, are easily fatigued. The Greek historian Xenophon wrote: “The bustards . . . can be caught if one is quick in starting them up, for they will fly only a short distance, like partridges, and soon tire; and their flesh is delicious.” The flight muscles of game birds rely almost entirely on the use of glucose 1-phosphate for energy, in the form of ATP . The glucose 1-phosphate is formed by the breakdown of stored muscle glycogen, catalyzed by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. The rate of ATP production is limited by the rate at which glycogen can be broken down. During a “panic flight,” the game bird’s rate ofglycogen breakdown is quite high, approximately 120 mmol/min of glucose 1-phosphate produced per gram of fresh tissue. Given that the flight muscles usually contain about 0.35% glycogen by weight, calculate how long a game bird can fly. (Assume the average molecular weight of a…Diabetes mellitus is a set of metabolic diseases with the common symptom of an inability to transport glucose into target cells (muscle cells and adipocytes). The body compensates in part by degrading muscle protein to generate energy. Explain how this process works.After prolonged exercise the body becomes depleted of glycogen. Which type of diet will lead to a quicker replenishment of muscle glycogen, a high fat, high protein diet or a high carbohydrate diet?Explain.
- Why is glucose provided by glycogenolysis in the liver but not in skeletal muscle?Experienced runners know that it is poor practice to ingest very large amounts of glucose/sucrose immediately prior to a running long-distance race (marathon). What is the metabolic basis of this idea?Individuals with McArdle’s disease often experience a “second wind” resulting from cardiovascular adjustments that allow glucose mobilized from liver glycogen to fuel muscle contraction. Explain why the amount of ATP derived in the muscle from circulating glucose is less than the amount of ATP that would be obtained by mobilizing the same amount of glucose from muscle glycogen.