Glycolysis is the process by which energy is harvested from glucose by living things. Several of the reactions of glycolysis arethermodynamically unfavorable, nonspontaneous, but proceed when they are coupled with other reactions.A. P; + glucose → glucose-6-phosphate + H₂O AG = 3.30 kcal/molB. P. + fructose-6-phosphatefructose-1,6-bisphosphate + H₂OC. ATP + H₂O → ADP + P₁AG = -7.30 kcal/molWhich of the reactions are unfavorable?AWhich of the reactions can be coupled so that the overall reaction is favorable?A and BAand CB and CAG = 3.90 kcal/molWhat is the net change in free energy if one set of reactions from the previous question is coupled so that the overall reaction isfavorable? If you selected more than one pair of reactions in the previous question, enter the net change for any one of yourselected sets.AG=kcal/mol

In a general reaction such as: aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD At equilibrium (steady state), the concentration of…

Answered: Glycolysis is the process by which…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Glycolysis is the process by which energy is harvested from glucose by living things. Several of the reactions of glycolysis are thermodynamically unfavorable, nonspontaneous, but proceed when they are coupled with other reactions. A. P; + glucose → glucose-6-phosphate + H₂O AG = 3.30 kcal/mol B. P; + fructose-6-phosphate - fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + H₂O C. ATP + H₂O → ADP + P₁ Which of the reactions are unfavorable? A B с AG = -7.30 kcal/mol Which of the reactions can be coupled so that the overall reaction is favorable? A and B A and C B and C Incorrect AG = 3.90 kcal/mol
The enzyme aldolase catalyzes the reaction shown in the glycolytic pathway: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate The AG" for the reaction is +23.8 kJ mol¯¹ (+5.7 kcal mol−¹), whereas the AG in the cell is −1.3 kJ mol¯¹ (−0.3 kcal mol¯¹). Calculate the ratio of products to reactants under standard (equilibrium) conditions at 37°C. [products] [reactants] 7 x10-5 [products] [reactants] Incorrect Aldolase ===== Calculate the ratio of products to reactants under intracellular conditions at 37°C. 4 ×10-5 Incorrect Complete the statement using your results. under standard conditions under intracellular conditions A reaction that is endergonic under standard conditions can be converted into an exergonic reaction by maintaining the ratio of products to reactants below the equilibrium value.
In the degradation of glycogen, the purpose of the debranching enzyme is to remove the last four glucose molecules from branches structure of glycogen. It does this by catalyzing three different reactions. Use the equations below to answer parts a-c. Synthesis of α(1,6) link ΔG = +7.1 kJ Hydrolysis of α(1,4) link ΔG = ─15.5 kJ a)What are the three chemical reactions performed during the removal of the last four glucose molecules of the branching structure of glycogen? b) Calculate ΔG for each of the three reactions described in part a. c) Now calculate the overall energy change for the net reaction carried out by this enzyme. d) Why is this reaction favorable?
Regarding phosphofructokinase, which of the following statements is true: a. Low [ATP] stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits. b. High [ATP] stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits. c. The enzyme is more active at low [ATP] than at high, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates the enzyme. d. High [ATP] stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates.
During glycolysis, glucose is converted into fructose-6- phosphate in two successive reactions: glucose + ATP glucose 6-phosphate + ADP glucose 6-phosphate fructose 6-phosphate The AG' for the overall reaction is: +15.0 kJ/mol. -18.4 kJ/mol. -16.7 kJ/mol. → -15.0 kJ/mol. +18.4 kJ/mol. AG¹⁰ = -16.7 kJ/mol AG¹⁰ = +1.7 kJ/mol
The hydrolysis of sucrose has the following data. Time (min) 0 30 60 90 130 180 [Sucrose] (M) 0.5011 0.4511 0.4038 0.3626 0.3148 0.2674 Sucrose + H₂O → glucose + fructose Unistanit. Determine the half-life. (Use the order from a.) You will need to take into account the order!
Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the inorganic phosphate-mediated removal of glucose from glycogen (glycogen, to glycogenn-1), allowing the production of glucose 1- phopshate. The DG° for this reaction is +1.6 kJ/mol and R=8.31 J.mol1.K1 (Hint: The removal of glucose units from glycogen does not change the glycogen concentration at equilibrium or physiological conditions). 1- Write down the net equation of the reaction. 2- Calculate the [Pi]/[glucose 1-phosphate] ratio at the equilibrium at 25°C. 3- The ratio [Pi]/[glucose 1-phosphate] of this reaction is equal to 100 in the skeletal muscle under physiological conditions. 3a- Calculate the DG' of the reaction under physiological conditions at 25°C. 3b- What is the direction of this reaction under physiological conditions in the skeletal muscle?.
In biological systems, enzymes are used to accelerate the rates of certain bio- logical reactions. Glucoamylase is an enzyme that aids in the conversion of starch to glucose (a sugar that cells use for energy). Experiments show that 1 pg mol of glucoamylase in a 4% starch solution results in a production rate of glucose of 0.6 ug mol/(mL)(min). Determine the production rate of glucose for this system in the units of Ib mol/(ft³)(day). Ibmol Answer: 0.0639 ft day True False
Consider the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction. Calculate the free energy change if the ratio of the concentrations of the products to the concentrations of the reactants is 21.7 and the temperature is 37.0°C? AG' for the reaction is -16.7 kJ/mol. AG = kJ/mol
During glycolysis (under anaerobic conditions), for each glucose molecule broken down, how many ATP molecules are used and how many are made in total? A diagram summarizing the different reactions of glycolysis is given below. ATP ADP ATP ADP Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate 2 (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate 2 (1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate) 2 (3-Phosphoglycerate) 2 (2-Phosphoglycerate) 2 H₂O 2 (Phosphoenolpyruvate) 2 (Pyruvate) 2 NAD+ + 2Pi 2 NADH + 2H 2 ADP 2 ATP -2 ADP 2 ATP 2 ATP molecules are used and 2 ATP molecules are made 2 ATP molecules are used and 4 ATP molecules are made O 6 ATP molecules are used and no ATP molecules are made O 4 ATP molecules are used and 2 ATP molecules are made O No ATP molecules are used and 6 ATP molecules are made
The conversion of lactate to glucose in the liver requires the input of 6 mol of ATP for every mol of glucose produced. Investigators can monitor the extent of this process in a rat liver preparation by administering [¹4C]lactate and measuring the amount of [¹4C]glucose produced. Because the stoichiometry of O, consumption and ATP production is known (about 5 ATP per O₂), investigators can predict the extra O₂ consumption above the normal rate after administering a given amount of lactate. However, when they actually measure the extra O₂ used in the synthesis of glucose from lactate, it is always higher than what the stoichiometric relationships predict. What could explain this observation? Unproductive cycling of ADP and ATP occurs, with extra O, consumption. The initial production of lactate requires extra O₂. The conversion of [C]lactate to [C]glucose requires less ATP and less O₂. The production of [C]glucose uses more O, than the production of unlabeled glucose.
The table lists the standard free energies (AG°') of hydrolysis of some phosphorylated compounds. Compound Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) Creatine phosphate ATP (to ADP) Glucose 1-phosphate Pyrophosphate (PP;) Glucose 6-phosphate Glycerol 3-phosphate kJ mol-¹ -61.9 -49.4 -43.1 -30.5 -20.9 -19.3 -13.8 -9.2 kcal mol-1 -14.8 -11.8 -10.3 -7.3 -5.0 -4.6 -3.3 -2.2

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