Histones are proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, tightly bound to DNA, which has many phosphate groups. The isoelectric point (pl) of histones is very high, about 10.8. What types of amino acid residues must be present in relatively large numbers in histones? O small amino acids such as glycine and alanine O negatively charged amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid O positively charged amino acids such as arginine, histidine, and lysine O uncharged amino acids such as valine, alanine, and isoleucine
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- Hydropathy & Amphipathicity 2 -1 -2- 110 210 310 410 510 Residue Number C. Draw the topology of this membrane protein in the bilayer and indicate the range of residues forming transmembrane a-helices.10-7 Monomeric single-pass transmembrane proteins span a membrane with a single a helix that has character- istic chemical properties in the region of the bilayer. Which of the three 20-amino-acid sequences listed below is the most likely candidate for such a transmembrane segment? Explain the reasons for your choice. (See back of book for one-letter amino acid code; FAMILY VW is a convenient mnemonic for hydrophobic amino acids.) ITLIYF G V M AG V IGTILL I S ITPIYFG P M A G VIGT PL LI s А. В. C. ITEIYFGRMAGVIстрLLIS13-100 Cholesterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane, but people who have very high levels of cholesterol in their blood (hypercholesterolemia) tend to have heart attacks. Blood cholesterol is carried in the form of cholesterol esters in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. LDL binds to a high-affinity receptor on the cell surface, enters the cell via a coated pit, and ends up in lysosomes. There its protein coat is degraded, and cholesterol esters are released and hydrolyzed to cholesterol. The released cholesterol enters the cytosol and inhibits the enzyme HMG CoA reductase, which controls the first unique step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Patients with severe hypercholesterolemia cannot remove LDL from the blood. As a result, their cells do not turn off normal cholesterol synthesis, which makes the problem worse. LDL metabolism can be conveniently divided into three stages experimentally: binding of LDL to the cell surface, internalization of LDL, and regulation…
- Determining the amino acid sequence in a protein usually in- volves treating the protein with various reagents that break up the protein into smaller fragments that can be individually sequenced. Treating a particular 11-amino acid polypeptide with one reagent produced the fragments: Ala-Leu-Phe-Gly-Asn-Lys Trp-Glu-Cys Gly-Arg Treating the same polypeptide with a different reagent pro- duced the fragments: Glu-Cys Gly-Asn-Lys-Trp Gly-Arg-Ala-Leu-Phe What is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide?Pissssssssss helppppppppp, One strand of DNA reads T-A-C-G-A-G-C-T-C. Describe the steps of protein synthesis of a eukaryotic cell using the nitrogen bases of the given DNA strand. Include the following terms in your description (1 paragraph pls): -DNA - mRNA -protein -tRNA -Amino acid -codon -nucleus -Ribosome -cytoplasm -transcription -translationOligopeptide 1 Oligopeptide 2 Give the three-letter and one-letter names of the amino acids in each oligopeptide starting from the amino terminal to the carboxyl terminal. Make sure that the amino acid names are arranged in CORRECT order for both oligopeptides. a.
- Cytosine deaminationoccurs ~100 cytosinesper genome per day in a human genome. Eukaryotic cells also contain residues of 5’-methylcytosine, which is involved in regulating gene transcription rates. Mutation of 5’-methylcytosine by deaminationconverts it to thymine. This presents the cell with a much more severe problem than normal cytosine deaminationof cytosine to uracil. Why?Histones are proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, tightly bound to DNA, which has many phosphate groups. The pI of histones is very high,about 10.8. What amino acid residues must be present in relatively large numbers in histones? In what way do these residues contribute to the strong binding of histones to DNA?THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS 2. What is the sequence of bases on the strand of DNA that is complementary to the template strand? 3. What mRNA will be formed from the template strand of DNA? The following is the base sequence of DNA that codes for amino acids 506-510 of the protein that regulates the chlorine channels in the cell membrane. This protein contains a total of 1476 amino acids so this is a small part of the entire gene. DNA Template Strand: TAGTAGAAACCACAA 1. What is the minimum number of DNA nucleotides in this whole gene? 4. What amino acids will this mRNA code for? 5. If the 6th, 7th and 8th bases in the template strand of the DNA are removed, rewrite the new template strand below. 1 6. When the template strand of the DNA is changed, this is referred to as a mutation. What kind of mutation is this? 7. What mRNA will be formed from the mutated template strand of DNA? 8. What amino acids will this new mRNA from the mutated template strand code for? 9. Are these…
- Which statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 Each strand in a β sheet is a helix with two aminoacids per turn.2 Intrinsically disordered regions of proteins can beidentified using bioinformatic methods to search genes forencoded amino acid sequences that possess high hydro-phobicity and low net charge.3 Loops of polypeptide that protrude from the sur-face of a protein often form the binding sites for other mol-ecules.4 An enzyme reaches a maximum rate at high sub-strate concentration because it has a fixed number ofactive sites where substrate binds.5 Higher concentrations of enzyme give rise to ahigher turnover number.6 Enzymes that undergo cooperative allosteric tran-sitions invariably consist of symmetric assemblies of mul-tiple subunits.7 Continual addition and removal of phosphatesby protein kinases and protein phosphatases is wastefulof energy—since their combined action consumes ATP—but it is a necessary consequence of effective regulation byphosphorylation.Which statement is FALSE? Group of answer choices Histones are very conserved at the primary sequence level in eukaryotes. Histones H2A, H2B, and H1 all contain the histone fold domain (HFD). CENPA is most closely related to histone H3. The amino terminal tail of histone H3 is the location of most of its covalent modifications. Amino terminal ends of core histones are involved in internucleosome interactions.Multiple Answer Question (suggested time - up to 2 minuts): Which of the following statements about the genetic code is(are) true? DA Each codon encodes for one particular amino acid Oe. Genetic code contains 64 codons in total, with one start codon and three stop codons OC. Genetic code consists of nucleotide triplets - codons OD. Genetic code is non-overlapping O E. Genetic code is universal for all living organisms (except for mitochondria) OF. Genetic code is degenerate (redundant)