How would riboflavin deficiency affect the functioning of the tricarboxylic acid cycle?
Q: How is succinate dehydrogenase unique compared with the other enzymes in the citric acid cycle?
A: The citric acid cycle is a catabolic process. It is also known as the TCA cycle or Krebs cycle. It…
Q: If glucose is such a readily available fuel, why is gluconeogenesis necessary?
A: Gluconeogenesis refers to the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates such as glycerol…
Q: Which enzymes of the citric acid cycle are missing from the glyoxylate cycle?
A: The glyoxylate cycle utilizes five of the eight enzymes associated with the tricarboxylic acid…
Q: How does the glyoxylate cycle differ from the citric acid cycle?
A: The citric acid cycle and glyoxylate cycle are coordinate metabolic cycles. where the Citric acid…
Q: What is the tricarboxylic acid cycle?
A: The tricarboxylic acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that occurred in aerobic organisms…
Q: Which citric acid cycle intermediates can be directly used in gluconeogenesis? Which can be used for…
A: Introduction: The TCA cycle is the last and final oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and…
Q: What is the fate of cytosolic pyruvate when it is reduced by cytosolic NADH?
A: The metabolic pathway is be defined as the series of chemical reactions occurring in a living…
Q: What step in the citric acid cycle in inhibited by fluorocitrate?
A: The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release…
Q: What citric acid cycle intermediates would accumulate in the presence of malonate?
A: The citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). This cycle…
Q: How is pyruvate modified before entering the citric acid cycle?
A: Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis which is a breakdown pathway of a glucose molecule to…
Q: What steps in the citric acid cycle are regulated? Why arethey regulated?
A: The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reaction which takes place in aerobic organisms that…
Q: What electron acceptors play a role in the citric acid cycle?
A: Citric acid cycle: The Citric acid cycle also described as TCA cycle or the krebs cycle, in…
Q: What are the unique reactions of the glyoxylate cycle?
A: The glyoxylate cycle is known to occur in plants and some microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi,…
Q: How does fatty acid enter mitochondria via the acyl-carnitine/carnitine transporter?
A: The mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to fatty acids and so carnitine carrier system plays an…
Q: How does pyruvate carboxylase deficiency result in lactic aciduria, an illness in which lactate…
A: Glucose metabolism is regulated by hormones and feedback system.
Q: What reaction brings acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle?
A: ATP is the energy currency for all living cells. The citric acid cycle is a combination of 8…
Q: Why is pyruvate referred to as the hub of glucose oxidation?
A: Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose to produce carbon dioxide and water. Pyruvate is the…
Q: How many enzymes are involved in the citric acid cycle?
A: The citric acid cycle is a central pathway for recovery energy from several metabolic fuels,…
Q: What would be the effect of the inhibition on other intermediates in the citric acid cycle?
A: Citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria (cytosol in prokaryotes). The net result of…
Q: How do the cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase differ from…
A: Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, abbreviated as GPDH is an enzyme that is responsible for the…
Q: What step in the citric acid cycle is inhibited by fluoroacetate treatment?
A: Introduction: The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that result in the production of two…
Q: Why is NADH required for gluconeogenesis?
A: Glucose is the most simple form of carbohydrate. It is also the nutrient that is the most easiest to…
Q: Why is pyruvate converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions?
A: Anaerobic Glycolysis was the process of oxidation of glucose that takes place when the oxygen levels…
Q: What are the two unique enzymes of glyoxylate cycle and their reactions? What main role of the cycle…
A: The main purpose of the glyoxylate cycle is the use of acetyl-CoA for the production of glucogenic…
Q: What is the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase and what are its products?
A: Introduction:- Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate and a…
Q: How does pyruvate from glycolysis get to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex : It is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into…
Q: How does the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction control the citric acid cycle?
A: The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This…
Q: How does Pyruvate dehydrogenase contribute to metabolism?
A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHs) describes a cornerstone in the metabolismof cellular energy that links…
Q: What steps of the citric acid cycle are regulated? How and why are they regulated?
A: In metabolic pathways, the regulation of key enzymes is essentials for the productions of…
Q: Why is it reasonable for excess NADH to negatively regulate the citric acid cycle?
A:
Q: If glycerol enters glycolysis as dihydroxyacetone phosphate, what other steps are required to form…
A: Glycolysis is the process to convert glucose to pyruvate. Glucose is a six-carbon compound whereas…
Q: How is it possible for fluoroacetate to enter the citric acid cycle?
A: Carbohydrates, in particular glucose, is preferred biomolecule for ATP generation. Glucose is…
Q: give five biological effects of disorders of the citric acid cycle
A: The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle, is the primary…
Q: what are the components of Pyruvate dehydrogenase Enzyme complex ?
A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase Enzyme complex is made up of three Enzymes and requires 5 coenzymes .
Q: What are the initial reactants of the Citric Acid Cycle?
A: Cellular respiration is defined as an aerobic process with the help of which living cells break down…
Q: What is the function of NADH dehydrogenase?
A: Oxidative phosphorylation is a process in which electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to…
Q: What citric acid cycle intermediate would be regenerated?
A: A sequence of metabolic pathways takes place in the process of cellular respiration to transform…
Q: What is one of the product of the citric acid cycle that is used by plants ?
A: Glucose splits into two pyruvate molecules through the process of glycolysis. During the transition…
Q: What is the chief benefit of being able to perform the glyoxylate cycle?
A: Introduction: The glyoxylate cycle occurs in plants, certain invertebrates, and some microorganisms…
Q: What citric acid cycle intermediates are precursors to amino acids?
A: Cellular respiration is the process in which cells consume oxygen and produces carbon…
Q: What are the substrates and products of the net reaction corresponding to one turn of the citric…
A: Introduction: The TCA cycle fundamentally includes the association of a two-carbon acetyl CoA with…
Q: Why are compounds such as glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate, pyruvate, and acetyl-CoA so important in…
A: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an intermediate during glycolysis. Pyruvate is the end product of…
Q: What is the final fate of the carbons in acetyl-CoA after several turns of the citric acid cycle?
A: Citric acid cycle: It is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release…
Q: Does thiamine pyrophosphate play a role in the reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway? If so,…
A: Yes, thiamine pyrophosphate plays a very important role in the reaction of the pentose phosphate…
Q: What do you call the intermediate that condenses with acetyl CoA as it enters the tricarboxylic acid…
A: The pyruvate formed from glycolysis forms acetyl CoA. Then this pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.…
Q: What is the purpose of converting citrate to isocitrate in the Citric Acid Cycle?
A: Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. This cycle takes…
please help me answer these even with little to no explanation, thank you so much!
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- 1. Consider the oxidation of the fatty acid with the common name arachidic acid. a. Draw the structure of arachidic acid. b. How many turns of the fatty acid oxidation cycle is required for the complete oxidation of arachidic acid? c. How many moles of ATP are formed from one mole of arachidic acid if the acetyl CoA produced go to the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation? Assume 1 mole of NADH is equivalent to 3 moles ATP and 1 mole FADH2 is equivalent to 2 moles of ATP. Show how you arrived at your answer1. Using your own diagram, illustrate the reactions that take place within thepyruvate dehydrogenase complex (including all enzymes and coenzymes) anddiscuss the role of the enzymes involved. 2. Graphically represent all the regulatory mechanisms of the citric acid cycle and discuss their effect on the cycle.1. The citric acid cycle ends with the reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase (MDH) shown below. The product of this reaction, oxaloacetate (OAA), combines with acetylCoA (catalyzed by citrate synthase) to begin the cycle. Given this answer the following questions. All of your work must be shown. R = 8.314 J mol-1 K -1 Malate + NAD* OAA + NADH a. What is the keq of the reaction given that AG" = 30.0 kJ/mol? Assume T = 298K. Please show your work. b. The concentration of malate within a rat mitochondria is about 0.20mM. Furthermore, the ratio of [NAD+]/[NADH] is around 10/1. Given this calculate the concentration of OAA within the mitochondria considering that the MDH reaction is at equilibrium under mitochondrial conditions. c. Citrate synthase catalyzes the first step in the CAC as shown below. Determination of its actual free energy change is difficult for a number of reasons however most scientist will point to the fact that it is negative. Let's assume AG = -5.0 kJ/mol. The…
- 1. Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol are all inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochon- dria. Provide an explanation to the following conditions regarding these potent inhibitors. (a) Explain why adding cyanide to an active in vitro suspension of mitochondria blocks ATP synthesis. What happens to the rate of ATP synthesis when 2,4-dinitrophenol is added to this mitochon- drial suspension after it was treated with cyanide? (b) Explain why the rate of oxygen consumption decreases in an in vitro suspension of mito- chondria when oligomycin is added. What happens to the rate of oxygen consumption in this oligomycin- inhibited system after adding 2,4-dinitrophenol? Explain.1. Identify the oxidized coenzyme (letter abbreviation only) that participates in this reaction of the Kreb’s cycle. Succinate --> Fumarate 2. How many mol of NADH can be obtained upon the beta oxidation of stearic acid? 3. How many mol of ATP can be obtained upon the complete oxidation of 1 mol stearic acid? 4. How many steps in glycolysis in which ATO is converted to ADP?2. The amino acid glutamate is synthesized from a-ketoglutarate, a catalytic intermediate in the citric acid cycle. In order for glutamate to be synthesized without depleting citric acid cycle intermediates, more carbon must be added to the cycle to make excess a-ketoglutarate. a. Describe the net synthesis of a-ketoglutarate from pyruvate in which no citric acid cycle intermediates are depleted. You must show how pyruvate can be used to introduce more carbons into the citric acid cycle than are lost (don't overlook CO₂).
- 1. You are investigating the kinetic properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Provide two ways by which you could ensure that this enzyme is not hindered by exhausting the supply of NAD+.3. Answer the following questions about the metabolic pathway shown below: glutamate dehydrogenase e NH3 0-C-C-cH2-CH2-C- 0-C-CH-CH2-CH2-C-O + H,O + NAD + NH + NADH + H (a) Label the correct substances as the substrate, enzyme, and co-enzyme. (b) Which of the six classes does the enzyme of this reaction belong to? Why? (c) What is the name of the first molecule in this reaction? (d) Which metabolic pathway is this reaction likely to be a part of? A. glycolysis B. deamination C. beta-oxidation D. fermentation12.The two carbons in an acetyl-CoA are released as CO, only in the second turn of the citric acid cycle. Explain why this is so.
- 3. A recently discovered mutant yeast has a shorter glycolytic pathway, and with a new enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: Glyceraldehyde-3-P + H₂ + NAD+ ‒‒‒‒‒‒> 3-phosphoglycerate + NADH+H* Would shortening the glycolytic pathway in this way benefit the cell? Explain. Consider metabolic outcomes only in anaerobic conditions.1. Why do fats provide more energy per molecule than glucose? Explain your answer in terms of the electrons extracted during the process of cellular respiration. 2. A rare, frameshift genetic mutation can alter the structure of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex such that it no longer functions within the cell. Describe what parts of the process of cellular respiration would be impacted due to this non-functional enzyme.1. The first step in the payoff phase of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that contains a nucleophilic cysteine playing a central role in the reaction. A) In the direction of gluconeogenesis, what reaction does this enzyme catalyze? AG° = -6.3 kcal/mol for this reaction in the direction of gluconeogenesis. Based on what you know about the substrates involved, provide two chemical reasons as to why the AGO of this reaction is negative.