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- If "P-labeled inorganic phosphate were introduced to erythrocytes undergoing glycolysis, would you detect "P in the glycolytic intermediates? Suppose the results are positive, explain the relevant reaction(s) and the incorporation of P that you would observe.Hemoglobin molecules exposed to high levels of glucose areconverted to glycated products. The most common, referred to as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), contains a b-chain glycatedadduct. Because red blood cells last about 3 months, HbA1Cconcentration is a useful measure of a patient’s blood sugarcontrol. In general terms, describe why and how HbA1Cforms.(b)( ) In mature erythrocytes (red blood cells) the end product of glycolysis is lactate because of the absence of mitochondria. On the right is a table comparing the rate of lac- tate production in hemolysates (lysed cells) of human RBCs as a function of pH with dif- ferent substrates introduced into the glyco- lytic pathway. The hemolysate was fortified with 30 μmoles substrate, 7.5 μmoles MgCl2, 10 μmoles disodium phosphate, 1.5 μmoles NAD* and 5 μmoles ATP in a volume of 5 TABLE 3-LACTATE PRODUCTION IN FORTIFIED HEMOLYSATES OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES* Substrate Glucose Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-diphosphate Fructose-1,6-diphosphate Lactate production† No. of experiments pH 6 7.1 2.03 ± 0.91 6 7.8 4.76 ± 1.09 5 7.1 10-731-88 5 7.8 12.34 ±2.92 5 7.0 7.15±0.73 5 7.7 7.15±0.80 mL. The rate of lactate production is given as μmoles of lactate/g Hb/hr at 37° C, buffered to either pH 7.1 or 7.8, as indicated. According to the results in the table which…
- Acid phosphatases are an important group of enzymes that can be detected in human bloodserum. Under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), this group of enzymes can hydrolyzebiological phosphate esters as follows:R-O-P-O3-2 + H2O -----> R-OH + HO-P-O3-2Acid phosphatases are produced and can be detected in erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, the liver,and prostrate gland. The enzyme from the prostrate gland is clinically important because anincreased activity in the blood is frequently an indication of cancer of the prostrate gland.Tartrate ion can strongly inhibit the phosphatase from the prostrate gland, but not acidphosphatases from other tissues. How can you use the information above to develop a specific procedure for measuring the activity of the acid phosphatase of the prostrate gland in humanblood serum?In angiogenic endothelial cells, pyruvate is converted to lactate (generating 2 ATP per glucose) rather than being completely oxidized (which would generate ~32 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation). Explain why angiogenic cells generate ATP anaerobically.The interconverison of DHAP and GAP greatly favors the formation of DHAP at equilibirum. Yet the conversion of DHAP by triose phosphate isomerase proceeds readily. Why?
- Red blood cells synthesize and degrade 2,3-biphosphogylerate (2,3-BPG) as a detour from the glycolytic pathway, as shown in the figure.2,3-BPG decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin by binding in the central cavity of the deoxygenated form of hemoglobin. This encourages delivery of oxygen to tissues. A defect in one of the glycolytic enzymes may affect levels of 2,3-BPG. The plot above right shows oxygen-binding curves for normal erythrocytes and for hexokinase and pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes. Identify which curve corresponds to which enzyme deficiency.The primary allosteric regulator of hemoglobin oxygen affinity is ( ) and functions by stabilizing the ( ) state of enzyme.Describe the hallmarks of the GLUT transporter – a passive glucose transporter, and the basis behind glucose transport in erythrocytes.
- Consider a series of experiments in which 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate were introduced to erythrocytes (red blood cells) undergoing glycolysis. Would you expect to see the labeled phosphate in any glycolytic intermediates? If so, which and at what relative concentrations?Explain why people with a deficiency of the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) suffer from hemolytic anemiaIf a person lacks the enzyme necessary for BPG synthesis, does he orshe exhibit anemia (a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells) orerythrocytosis (a higher-than-normal number of red blood cells)? Explain.