In an OSPF routing protocol, what does the Area variable represent? (OSPF AS).
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In an OSPF routing protocol, what does the Area variable represent? (OSPF AS).
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- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the standard protocol for transferring mail between hosts. A TCP connection is set up between a user agent and a server program. The server listens on TCP port 25 for incoming connection requests. The user end of the connection is on a TCP port number above 1023. You have defined the packet filter rule set shown in the table below. These rules permit and/or deny inbound and outbound traffic between the user agent and the mail server. Describe the purpose of each packet filter rule in the table. Rule Direction Source Address Destination Address Protocol Destination Port Action A2 In External Internal TCP 25 Permit B2 Out Internal External TCP > 1023 Permit C2 Out Internal External TCP 25 Permit D2 In External Internal TCP > 1023 Permit E2 Either Any Any Any Any DenyTCP is one of the most common protocols operating at the transport layer and providing reliable end to end devlivery. TCP header is a variable length header since it might contain OPTIONS field. Write a report explaining the different options that can be added in this field.IP datagrams on a specific network can carry a maximum of only 440 bytes in the data portion. A node on this network, running an application using TCP generates a TCP segment with 1,900 bytes in the data portion. How many IP packets are transmitted to carry this TCP segment, and what are their sizes (including the header of 20 bytes)?
- UDP Echo ApplicationA UDP Echo program is a simple network application that demonstrates the basicprinciples of UDP communication. In this program, a server listens for incoming UDPpackets from clients, and when it receives a packet, it echoes (sends back) the samepacket to the client. The client sends a message to the server, and the server returns thesame message. It's often used for testing network connectivity and understanding thefundamentals of UDP communication. (Answer the following question using python) Implement both the server and client components of this UDP Echo program whileadhering to the features outlined below. Please ensure that your implementation followsgood coding practices and provides clear prompts and feedback to the user, making ituser-friendly and robust. Please refer to the class example to guide your implementation. 1) UDP Echo Server Receiving and Displaying Messages: The UDP Echo server should be able toreceive messages sent by clients. For each…When is it not a very good idea to use static routing?Data communication course A company that carries out international cargo business has offices and transfer stations at different points. The company carries out transportation by land, sea and air. Different packages are used for each kind of transport. At the transfer stations, if necessary, package type is changed according to the next transportation type, and it will be directed to the destination. Q2)= Which situations in this scenario can be compared to the difference between TCP and UD protocols?
- The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an intradomain routing based on routing. * link state distance vector path vector none of the above The metric used by is the hop count. * OSPF RIP BGP none of the aboveExplain the method by which intra-AS routing is accomplished. Indicate if a certain routing protocol is DV or LS in nature.Explain the difference between static routing and dynamic routing. When would you use one over the other?