In comparative studies, it is important to be aware of relationships among species because a trait that appears in several closely related species is probably an adaptation it is not necessary to have large sample sizes if the species are closely related testing related species is more powerful than testing randomly chosen species experimental conclusions are statistically more powerful when data points are not independent of each other data points should be independent, and two related species might have derived their trait from a shared ancestor, rather than each having evolved it independently

In comparative studies, it is important to be aware of relationships among species because a trait that appears in several closely related species is probably an adaptation it is not necessary to have large sample sizes if the species are closely related testing related species is more powerful than testing randomly chosen species experimental conclusions are statistically more powerful when data points are not independent of each other data points should be independent, and two related species might have derived their trait from a shared ancestor, rather than each having evolved it independently

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)

14th Edition

ISBN:9781305073951

Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter17: Processes Of Evolution

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10SQ: The difference between sympatric and parapatric speciation is ___. a. parapatric speciation occurs...

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There are a lot of pros and cons to using the biological concept. It is only one out of several types of concepts used to define a species. What would be the main criterion used for determining / differentiating between species? gene flow O niche differences O geographical isolation
For which of these groups is the biological species concept not useful for determining species? Mark all that apply. O Separate recognized species that form hybrids (many plant species) Nonsexual groups Extinct groups (fossils) O Species with many remote, isolated populations (vernal pools) O Two sympatric species that do not form hybrids O An introduced species that forms a hydrid with a native species
Recent reconstructions of evolutionary history are often dependenton assigning divergence in terms of changes in amino acid ornucleotide sequences. For example, a comparison of cytochromec shows 10 amino acid differences between humans and dogs,24 differences between humans and moths, and 38 differencesbetween humans and yeast. Such data provide no information asto the absolute times of divergence for humans, dogs, moths, andyeast. How might one calibrate the molecular clock to an absolutetime clock? What problems might one encounter in such acalibration?
Consider two species that diverged whilegeographically separated but resumed contactbefore reproduction isolation was complete. Predictwhat would happen over time if two species matedindiscriminately and a. hybrid offspring survived and reproducedmore poorly than offspring from intraspecificmating or b. hybrid offspring survived and reproduced aswell as offspring from intraspecific mating.Provide an example for each to illustrate yourpoint.
With improving technology, acquiring DNAsequences from different organisms becomeseasier each year. With that in mind, some authors(e.g., Scotland et al. 2003, Systematic Biology52 [4]: 539–548) have suggested that the use ofmorphological data is less important than DNAsequence data and have called for less emphasison the use of comparative morphology in building phylogenies. Other authors maintain thatdespite the explosion of molecular data available, morphology still has an important role inphylogenetics (for examples, see Wiens 2004,Systematic Biology 53 [4]: 653–661 and Will andRubinoff 2004, Cladistics 20 [1]: 47–55). Whatare the reasons for and against using morphological data in phylogenetic reconstruction?When might morphological data be especiallyimportant?
Think about the ways we define/identify a species. What would the least precise way to determine a living species (so not extinct)? O groups of organisms that look alike O groups of organisms that are geographically separated for a significant period of time such that they become distinct genetically separate populations with different genetic markers groups of potentially interbreeding populations with are reproductively isolated from others
What are the most common mechanisms of sympatric speciation and in which major group of organisms does this happen most often? Disti nguish between sympatric and allopatric and parapat r ic speciation. Which is considered the (far) more common mechanism of species formation? What does "gene flow" between populations do?
Natural selection tends to work toward genetic unity;the genotypes that are most fit produce the mostoffspring and increase the frequency of adaptive allelesin the population. Yet there remains a great deal ofvariability within the populations of species. Describethe factors that contribute to this genetic variability. Provide the link of references
1) Explain homology, list and explain the different types of homologies (also giveexamples)and why they provide evidence of common ancestry and explain thesignificance of homology to the use of animals (and other organisms) inbiomedicalresearch.
Macroevolution deals with the evolution of new species that takes place over long periods of time (many generations). True O False
Allopetric speciation refers to speciation when two populations Exist in separate locations O Exist at separate times O Are found on separate loci of the genome Compete with each other
Snakes evolved from ancestors who had the ability to walk. Some snakes, in fact, still have small pelvis and leg bones that are remnants from this ancestor. What are these caled? Vestiglal structure O Homologous strucre O Sympatric structure O Molecular homology In the 1890s, hunting reduced the northern elephant seal population to only 20 individuals. Due to conservation efforts, their population size today is above 30,000. Of what is this an example? Founder effect